IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - 116
in my view
Farid Katiraei, Amin Zamani, and Ralph Masiello
microgrid control systems
a practical framework
A
A GrOwING INTeresT IN mICrOgrids has brought a great level of
focus, creativity, and investment in the
development and commercialization of
microgrid control systems (more commonly called controllers). The primary
value propositions for microgrids are
improving reliability and resiliency, enabling renewable generation integration
at a higher penetration level than normal, enhancing efficiency, and the economic dispatch of distributed generation
to reduce operation and maintenance
costs and create new revenue streams
(for instance, through participation in
the energy or ancillary service markets). All of these efforts emphasize the
need for a microgrid control system that
can operate the system autonomously
in a coordinated fashion to achieve predefined performance goals.
Technologies applied in a microgrid (both as individual assets and as
part of the overall scheme) and operating procedures play important roles in
determining microgrid performance,
particularly with the proliferation of
distributed energy resources (Ders)
and the utilization of emerging power
electronic technologies, which introduce complex behavior. Therefore, a
prominent question discussed in the
industry is what requirements does a
controller need to satisfy to meet the
microgrid operation objectives and accompanying performance metrics and
at what cost?
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MPE.2017.2690528
Date of publication: 16 June 2017
116
ieee power & energy magazine
Effect of Operating
Strategies on
Microgrid Controls
Figure 1 shows a framework for microgrid control system development,
comprising multiple contributing elements: technology characterization to
determine asset-level control capabilities; the development of operating strategies and functional requirements for the
system; the determination of available
or required monitoring, protection, and
communication schemes; and the identification of comprehensive testing and
performance verification approaches. To
select a proper microgrid control system, the contributing elements need to be
carefully analyzed to determine appropriate approaches and alternative solutions
from a variety of applicable schemes and
realization methods. Possible choices and
design variations for microgrid operating
Operating
Technology Strategies and
Characterization Verification
Methods
and Asset-Level
Controls
Monitoring,
Protection, and
Communication
Schemes
Microgrid Control System
figure 1. The framework for microgrid
control system development.
strategies and associated functional requirements are as follows:
✔ The preference between distributed versus centralized control
systems for secondary (supervisory) controller(s):
* primary (or fast) controls are by
nature distributed due to being
dependent on the types of the assets and their control functions
* the supervisory controls in
charge of coordinating the operation of the microgrid components to achieve certain performances can be centralized
in one location or physically
distributed across the topology
of the system
✔ A selection of microgrid loadserving capacity (generation to
load ratio) and the level of the
autonomy (islanding duration),
which defines whether a microgrid
can serve its entire load at all times
or would require some methods of
load management (load categorization, followed by load shedding
and restoration).
✔ The determination of microgrid
islanding and isolation strategies
either as a seamless transition for
all loads or possibly a break-before-make approach. This requirement is dependent on whether
all customers or some customers
can tolerate a momentary outage
(not longer than a couple of minutes) prior to service restoration.
(continued on p. 110)
july/august 2017
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