IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - 34
system is responsible for ensuring
the connection and disconnection
Microgrid-Grid Connected
from the distribution grid.
The microgrid control system
Transmission
Critical
Generation
Loads
Grid
is
also
called a microgrid energy
Loads
management
system. The term "miSubstation
crogrid
control
system" is preferred
Wind
for
developing
microgrid
standards
Farms
Electrical
Distributed
Distributed
to
avoid
confusion
with
the
accepted
Storage
Generation
Wind/Solar
Feeder
Solar
uses of the term "energy manageDistributed Generation and Storage (DER)
Farms
ment system," as used in transmission system operation and generation
Disconnect
dispatch and in large industrial inDistribution Grid
Loads
Distributed Wind/Solar
stallations. Many of the features usually implemented in generation
figure 1. The microgrid structure and its connection to the power system.
dispatch and load management in industrial installations can be designed
into the microgrid dispatch function,
Microgrid
as this function dispatches DERs
Gas
Thermal
and controls the loads and other deDispatchable
CHP
Storage Turbine
Generation
vices within the microgrid.
The microgrid typically inteNondispatchable
Distribution
Critical Loads Load
grates
the following components
Generation
System
(shown
in Figure 2): 1) equipStorage
Solar
Wind
POI
ment
connecting
the microgrid
Breaker
Substation
to
the
distribution
system at the
Controllable Load
Load
Loads
point
of
interconnection,
typically a
Microgrid
Battery Storage
Control
breaker;
2)
the
microgrid
control
Storage
System
system (energy management system); 3) local distribution system
Other Feeder/Loads
Breaker
components, including transformfigure 2. The inner structure and components of the microgrid. CHP: combined
ers, switchgear, capacitors for voltheat and power; POI: point of interconnection.
age regulation, and reactive power
management; 4) devices for the
interconnection
components
within the microgrid (breakers);
single controllable entity with respect to the grid and can
connect and disconnect from it to operate in either grid- and 5) physical devices, including distributed generators and
connected or island modes. The discussion is limited to storage (DERs) and loads, such as controllable/curtailable and
those microgrids having a single point of interconnection critical/sensitive loads, within the microgrid boundaries.
To be considered a microgrid within the scope of the
with the larger grid. The general structure of the microgrid
and its relation to the broader distribution and transmission standards, an electrical system must have the following three
distinct features:
grids are shown in Figure 1.
✔ clearly defined electrical boundaries
Microgrid Devices and Components
✔ a control system to manage and dispatch resources
within the microgrid, considered as a single controlMicrogrids are characterized by having a microgrid control syslable entity
tem capable of automatically integrating and coordinating the
generation, storage, and controllable loads within the microgrid
✔ installed generation capacity that exceeds the critical
and the grid intertie equipment to interact with the larger grid
load, which allows the microgrid to be disconnected
and act as an aggregated single system.
from the main grid, operate as an autonomous entity in
A key defining element of the microgrid is its control
islanded mode, and supply local loads, as required (the
system, which manages all aspects of the microgrid opgeneration source is often combined heat and power).
eration at the point of interconnection with the distribution grid, in both steady-state and transient operation. Under Types of Microgrids
steady-state operation, the control system dispatches the mi- Microgrids can be implemented in many different envicrogrid assets, including DER units and switching and ronments and can take many forms. An example of a
control devices. Under transient conditions, the control geographica l ly constrained electric grid that has limited
Central Power
Plants
34
ieee power & energy magazine
july/august 2017
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover4
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