IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - 42

loads; the distributed energy resources (DERs), including solar
photovoltaics (PVs), batteries, combined heat and power and
load management systems; and the local microgrid controller, as shown in Figure 1. In North America, DERs contained
within a microgrid must comply with IEEE Standard 15472003 (Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources
with Electric Power Systems), one of the primary interconnection standards for distributed resources. The standard provides
guidance on voltage and frequency control, overcurrent protection, effective grounding, islanding prevention, and synchronization thresholds, among other issues relevant to the microgrid
while connected to the utility grid through the grid interface.
There are five major types of microgrids:
✔ Commercial/industrial: These are generally built to
reduce demand and costs during normal operation, although the operation of critical functions during outages is also important, especially for data centers.
✔ Community/utility: These are generally designed to improve reliability and promote community participation.
✔ Campus/institutional: Many college, industrial, and
hospital campuses already have distributed generations,

Transmission
Operations

Distribution
Management System

with microgrid technology linking separate loads together. They are usually large and may sell excess power
to the grid.
✔ Military: Military microgrids focus on cyber and
physical security, both for fixed and forward-operating bases.
✔ Remote: Remote microgrids are permanently disconnected from other grids, continuously operating in
island mode. Many already use diesel generation so
microgrids offer a way to incorporate renewable energy.
Each microgrid is designed to meet specific goals. The
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has developed
a four-stage design evaluation process, also referred to as
the Integrated Grid Benefit-Cost Analysis Framework for
Microgrids, to guide the technology selection and sizing of
DER assets for a given set of microgrid goals. This technoeconomic analysis can be imagined as sequentially layering on
a microgrid's assets and functions, evaluating the incremental
costs and incremental benefits at each layer. The EPRI analysis framework was applied to inform the design of the Buffalo
Niagara Medical Center (BNMC) microgrid in Buffalo, New

Microgrid
Controller/DERMS

Local
Microgrid
Controller

Local Microgrid
Controller
Solar
Ba

tte

CHP
Generator

School
Hospital

Fire
Station
Isolating
Device

ry

Office

Local
Microgrid
Controller

Fuel
Cell
CHP

Industrial

Residential
Community with
DER

figure 1. A grid-interactive microgrid controller for resilient communities. DERMS: distributed energy resource management
system; CHP: combined heat and power.
42

ieee power & energy magazine

july/august 2017



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2017 - Cover4
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