IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - 100

Year (89-15)

Cause of Outage

Millions
Impacted

3/13/89

Geomagnetic Storm

10/17/89

Earthquake

7

7/7/91

Windstorm

8/24/92

Hurricane Andrew

10/4/95

Hurricane Opal

2

7/2-3/96

Overheated Line

2

8/10/96

Heat

1/98

Ice

5/31/98

Windstorm

2

8/14/03

Multiple-Not Weather

55

9/19/03

Hurricane Isabel

4.3

8/31/05

Hurricane Katrina

2.6

12/8-12/07

Ice

2/26/08

Equipment Failure-Fire

4

9/13/08

Hurricane Ike

2

12/12/08

Ice

8/27-28/11

Hurricane Irene

5

9/8-9/11

Human Error

5

10/11/11

Snowstorm

6/29/12

Thunderstorms

10/29-30/12

Hurricane Sandy

1.4
1
1.4

4
3.5

1

1.5

2
3.8
8

figure 1. Most major outages are caused by weather.

or critical transmission element, without causing a more widespread system failure or blackout. as more and more systems
were interconnected, it became obvious that, in some instances,
weather or other events would likely result in the simultaneous
loss of more than one facility. This caused power system engineers to build system models to study the ways in which interconnected systems could separate and ways to safely reconnect
those separated systems in the shortest possible time without
damaging expensive equipment. This was an exciting time for
power system engineers and resulted in the formation of both
the ieee system restoration working group and the ieee
system restoration Training Task force.
in this article, we look at where the industry was 25 years
ago when power system engineers were just beginning to
develop company-specific system restoration plans and train
their system operators in the principles behind those plans. we
compare that to the situation today, when virtually every entity
registered with the north american electric reliability Corporation (nerC) as a reliability coordinator (rC), balancing
authority (Ba), or transmission operator (ToP) is required to
✔ develop a technically sound restoration plan
✔ staff its control room with system operators who have
attained a nerC certification to attest to a minimum
set of operating knowledge, including system restoration principles
✔ train its system operators on the principles and steps
supporting its specific restoration plan
✔ conduct restoration drills.
100

ieee power & energy magazine

with seeming increases in major storms and a growing
interest in responding to terrorism, we wondered, considering all the nerC requirements, how prepared our industry is
for a restoration of any major portion of the north american
power system and found that we've come a long way. However, there is no room for complacency, as figure 1 suggests.
The first large blackout in north america occurred on
9 november 1965 and impacted more than 30 million people.
Largely as a result of that blackout, the north american electric
reliability Council was formed in 1968 and began work
as a nonprofit organization with the goal of developing and
sharing a set of reliability-related principles to support
bulk power system operations and so minimize the risk of
future blackouts.
working under the north american electric reliability
Council umbrella, industry experts developed and approved
reliability-related system operating principles published as
the NERC Operating Manual (with compliance being voluntary). specific policies and supporting documents ("Policy 5:
emergency operations," "Policy 8: operating Personnel and
Training," "appendix 8B1: suggested items for system operator Training Courses," and the "system restoration reference
Document") dealt with emergency operations and training.
at the same time that the north american electric reliability Council was working on developing its operating policies, the ieee formed a system restoration working group
(Psrwg) that began to study technical issues associated
with system restoration and report its findings at conferences
and workshops. almost 100 of those reports are included
in the 2000 book Power System Restoration: Methodologies
and Implementation Strategies by Psrwg Chair Mike M.
adibi and published by wiley-ieee Press.
Despite these efforts, on 14-15 august 2003, another major
blackout impacted approximately 50 million people. following
that blackout, experts from Canada and the United states conducted a very detailed analysis that showed, among other things,
a need to provide greater assurance that utilities were following the policies established in the NERC Operating Manual,
including policies associated with developing restoration plans
and providing system restoration training to operators. in 2005,
U.s. President george w. Bush expanded the authority of the
federal energy regulatory Commission (ferC), giving it the
power to select an entity for developing and enforcing mandatory reliability standards and providing ferC the authority to
review and approve those standards. The north american electric reliability Council reformed itself as the north american
electric reliability Corporation, and ferC selected nerC
to, among other things, establish a set of operational standards
with mandatory compliance. entities found noncompliant are
subject to fines of up to Us$1 million a day per infraction.
These standards were intended to identify which functional division within an electric organization would be
responsible for compliance. Hence, a classic electric utility might have one or more nerC-defined roles in meeting
these standards.
july/august 2018



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2018 - Cover4
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