IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 70

10

15

20

LTC Set at 240 V (1.0 p.u.)
Edge-Up Control-3% CVR

17
:5
15 16:
:5 50 0
13 14:
0
5
1
10 11: 2:5 :50 0
:5 50 0
Day
0
e of
Tim

Grid-Edge
Devices

20
15
10

1 18:
1 1 16 7
0
11 12 13: 4:0 5:0 :00 :00 0
:0 :00 00 0 0
0
Day
Time of
15

20

LTC Set at 240 V (1.0 p.u.)
Top-Down Control-3% CVR

Substation

Central VoltVar Control

10
8
6
4
2
0

5

Vars Applied

1 17:
14 15: 6:50 50
12 13: :5 50
5
ay
10 11: :50 50 0
fD
:5 50
o
e
0
Tim

ε
Poor Visibility
High Volatility

Nodes

Service
Transformers
∆n + ε
∆3 + ε
∆2 + ε
∆1 + ε
Service
Transformers

Σε = Feeder-Level Support

Substation

Edge Up
Systen Needs

Slow
Communication
with Grid-Edge Devices Grid-Edge
Controller
System Needs

220

225

230

235

240

245

5

10
Nodes

Top Down

figure 2. A substation top-down versus grid edge distribute intelligence optimization. (Source: Varentec, used with permission.)
70

ieee power & energy magazine

help customers to lower energy
usage (kilowatthours) and reduce
demand (kilowatts).
by the mid-1990s, investment
in energy-efficiency programs
had leveled off at approximately
us$1 billion and remained at
that level until the late 2000s.
part of the reason for this stag-
nation was the overall industry
upheaval resulting from deregula-
tion, but the primary issue is that
the current business model does
not incentivize extensive invest-
ment in energy efficiency as a
utility resource. This business
model is based on a throughput
incentive, meaning that utilities
earn more profits by selling more
electricity so that any investments
that drive down energy use also
drive down revenues. Further-
more, when considering how to
address resource needs, utilities
benefit most if they install new
generation assets since these
guarantee a return on investment.
When investing in efficiency,
on the other hand, utilities only
avoid the capital costs associated
with building new assets. begin-
ning in the mid-to-late 2000s
new policy mechanisms began
to appear that helped to address
these issues. These include utility
performance incentives, decoupling,
lost revenue adjustment mecha-
nisms, energy efficiency targets
for utilities (energy efficiency
resource standards), and integrated
resource planning. as a result of
these improved regulatory policies,
annual energy-efficiency program
budgets increased from approxi-
mately us$1.4 billion in 2004 to
about us$6.3 billion in 2013.
The american council for an
energy-efficient economy has
thoroughly studied the issue of
energy efficiency over the years.
in 2015, it published a thorough
study that examined various
policy programs throughout the
country. The council noted that
the states with the most effective
september/october 2016



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - September/October 2016 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010214
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com