IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - November/December 2016 - 68

table 2. The harmonic distortion at Albanel at 2:44:10 s.
Harmonic
Order

ac Voltage at
735 kV

ac Current
on the
735-kV Side

Secondary
14-kV Bus
Voltage (Neutral)

1

100%

100%

100%

2

5%

145%

46%

3

3%

39%

13%

4

0.5%

90%

60%

5

0.9%

28%

5%

6

0.4%

8%

20%

7

0.2%

3%

9%

table 3. The harmonic distortion
at La Verendrye at 2:44:18.90 s.

Harmonic
Order

ac Voltage
at 735 kV

Secondary 16-kV
Bus Voltage

Current
(Thyristor
Switched
Capacitor)

1

100%

100%

100%

2

7%

17%

32%

3

2%

5%

1.8%

4

6%

0.9%

3.4%

5

2%

0.6%

3.4%

table 4. Voltage asymmetry at different substations.
Substation

Voltage

Asymmetry

La Grande-2

735 kV

8%

Albanel

735 kV

4%

Arnaud

735 kV

10%

Chibougamau

735 kV

1%

Saguenay

735 kV

2%

La Vérendrye

735 kV

3.2%

Boucherville

735 kV

2.5%

North

Center

South

(emTp) were simulated and studied. although fast, the effect
of Gics on the power system is slow compared to the transient events normally studied using the emTp. consequently,
a special method for accelerating the calculations was developed to reduce the computer processing time and simulate
the effects of the 13 march 1989 geomagnetic storm on the
hydro-Québec power system. Voltage harmonics calculated
68

ieee power & energy magazine

for the La Vérendrye substation were very close to the measured values when the geolectric field was set to 1.5 V/km.
This value would prove comparable with later geophysical
simulations of the geoelectric field produced during the storm.

Subsequent Corrective Measures
and Evolution of the Power System
Following the blackout, several corrective measures were
applied to power system equipment and the manner in which
the system was operated.

Static Var Compensators
sVcs, which were identified as the weak link during the geomagnetic storm, were subjected to a complete review, and it
was found that most of them had been overprotected compared
to their real capacity. it was, therefore, possible to raise their
overvoltage or overcurrent tripping thresholds considerably
by desensitizing the protection systems. with these new
thresholds, the sVcs were capable of easily withstanding subsequent geomagnetic storms in the 1990s and 2000s. since
1989, the number of sVcs in the power system has also been
increased from nine (of which seven were in operation on
13 march 1989) to a total of 15 (see Figure 9 for their locations).
The specifications for the new sVcs were also expanded to
include effects such as dc and increased harmonic levels that
would occur during a geomagnetic disturbance.

Addition of Series Compensation
Following several outages in the 1980s, hydro-Québec had
launched a major program to enhance the reliability of its
power system, and much equipment was added to it. Two
of the initiatives are worth mentioning regarding geomagnetic disturbances: the addition of series compensators and
the addition of an automatic shunt reactor switching scheme.
The addition of series compensators on the 735-kV lines
(see Figure 10) between the generation and the load centers,
although aimed at resolving some stability issues on the
power system, proved to be very effective in reducing Gics.
The dc, when reduced, can follow different paths. however, because of the radial configuration of hydro-Québec's
power system and the location of the lines where the series
compensators were installed, the behavior of the power system under geomagnetic storm conditions improved significantly since march 1989.

Automatic Switching of Shunt Reactors
and Undervoltage Load Shedding
another important addition as part of the reliability program
was the scheme for automatic switching of shunt reactors at
several 735-kV buses on the system, thus helping to reduce
the risk of voltage collapse associated with the reactive power
consumption of saturated transformers during a magnetic
storm. The scheme for automatic switching of shunt reactors, named mais in French (manœuvre automatique des
inductances shunt), was initially designed to allow the fast
november/december 2016



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