Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 53
An average of two to four dull white
eggs with an "endless variety of types
and colors of marking," are laid, ornithologist Arthur Cleveland Bent once
wrote.
In Pennsylvania, this happens in
April or May. Both sexes incubate
them, beginning before the clutch is
complete. The female incubates most of
the time, and the male brings her food.
It takes 28 days for the eggs to hatch
and the nestlings emerge, covered in
light brown down with eyes wide open.
They grow rapidly, and by 2 weeks of
age, they stand up and flap their wings.
At 6 to 8 weeks, they usually climb
onto nearby branches and fledge, which
occurs in Pennsylvania in June and July.
The parents will continue to feed their
offspring for another six to eight weeks
before they are on their own.
The primary foods for both adult and
young red-shoulders in the Northeast,
are chipmunks, mice, voles and shrews.
Other mammals include rabbits, muskrats, opossums and skunks. But they
also prey on frogs, fish, toads, snakes
and crayfish, hence their preference for
riparian areas.
Back in 1890, Pennsylvania ornithologist B.H. Warren examined
the stomach remains of 57 dead redshoulders, and discovered 43 contained
meadow voles, a few other small
mammals, grasshoppers and other
insects (mostly beetles). Nine others
had frogs and insects, two had snakes
and frogs, and two others small birds,
small mammals and a few beetles. None
had poultry, despite once being called
"hen hawks."
They have their own predators. Great
horned owls and red-tailed hawks may
take over both red-shoulders' occupied
or empty nests. They also, along with
raccoons and fishers, might prey on
nesting adult red-shoulders, their eggs
or young.
Their nests typically are well-hidden
from our eyes, as we discovered one
April when we were at Yellow Creek
State Park in search of waterfowl. We
entered a section of woods near the
water and were met by the loud kee-aah
cries of a red-shoulder that went on and
on. We never did see the nest, despite
straining our eyes and walking through
the entire area.
Even with recent population gains,
red-shoulders remain a species of
Maintenance Concern in Pennsylvania's Wildlife Action Plan. It stems
from their reliance on habitat that
continues to disappear, particularly in
northwestern and northcentral Pennsylvania, areas that have remained breeding hot spots for these still understudied
magnificent raptors.
Cover Painting by gerald W. Putt
Gerald W. Putt's "Real Game Savers - Black Labrador
Retriever" is the second painting in a retriever-dog
series. Unframed, limited edition 24- by 18-inch giclees
on stretched canvas are available from the artist for
$233.20 (includes delivery). Order from Gerald W. Putt
at P.O. Box 184, Boiling Springs, PA 17007; call 717258-3775; or visit his website at www.geraldputt.com.
OCTOBER 2016
53
http://www.geraldputt.com
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016
Contents
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - Intro
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - Cover1
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - Cover2
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - Contents
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 2
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 3
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 4
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 5
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 6
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 7
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 8
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 9
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 10
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 11
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 12
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 13
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 14
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 15
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 16
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 17
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 18
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 19
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 20
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 21
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 22
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 23
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 24
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 25
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 26
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 27
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 28
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 29
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 30
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 31
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 32
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 33
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 34
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 35
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 36
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 37
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 38
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 39
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 40
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 41
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 42
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 43
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 44
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 45
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 46
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 47
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 48
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 49
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 50
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 51
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 52
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 53
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 54
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 55
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 56
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 57
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 58
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 59
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 60
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 61
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 62
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 63
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - 64
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - Cover3
Pennsylvania Game News - October 2016 - Cover4
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