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Krasniak et al
Table 1. Survey of Residency Programs: Institution and
Residency Program Characteristics.
Institution bed number

N (%)

200-299
300-449
450-599
600-799
800-999
≥1000

3 (6.8)
3 (6.8)
8 (18.2)
12 (27.2)
10 (22.7)
8 (18.2)

Years residency program accredited by ASHP

N (%)

≤1 year
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
≥15 years

1 (2.3)
2 (4.5)
2 (4.5)
8 (18.2)
31 (70.5)

Note. ASHP = American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.

Table 2. Survey of Pharmacy Residency Programs: Residency
Program Learning Experiences.
Required learning experiences
>75%

50-75%

** Internal medicine/ **
adult medicine
**
** Administration
** Orientation
**
** Critical Care

Research
Ambulatory
care
Pharmacy
operations

<50%
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**

Drug information
Pediatrics
Infectious disease
Medication safety
Cardiology
Emergency medicine
Anticoagulation
Family medicine
Oncology
Informatics
Transplant
HIV/AIDS

Elective learning experiences
>75%
** Oncology
** Emergency
medicine

50-75%
** Infectious
disease
** Cardiology
** Transplant
** Critical care
** Ambulatory
care

<50%
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**

Pediatrics
Pharmacy informatics
Psychiatry
Anticoagulation
HIV/AIDS
Drug information
Endocrinology/
diabetes
Women's health
Internal medicine
Geriatrics
Medication safety
Research
Family medicine
Administration
Pharmacy operations
Other

we did not find a change in the percentage of time residents
spent on either of these areas over the 5-year survey period (P =
.858, P = .699), respectively. While there has been some increase
in staffing requirements over the 5-year survey period, from a
median of 14% to a median of 15% of time, this finding was not
statistically significant (P = .086). Percent of time residents
spent on research experiences over the 5-year survey period
remains the same at a median of 10% of time (P = .34).
Resident career path choices did change significantly over
the 5-year survey period. Our results demonstrated an increase
from a median of 50% to a median of 70% of residents pursuing PGY-2 or fellowship training after completing PGY-1
pharmacy residency (P = .026, Figure 3). The survey showed
a decrease in pharmacy residents that accepted a hospitalbased clinical/staff position in the year directly after PGY-1
residency training, from a median of 50% to a median of 30%
(P = .014, Figure 4). Fewer than 5% of residents were found
to go directly into academia or ambulatory care practice sites
immediately following PGY-1 residency training, and this did
not change over the 5-year survey period.
Of the residency programs that responded to the survey,
54% require either PGY-1 pharmacy residency training or 3
years of hospital work experience as a minimum qualification for a hospital staff pharmacist position. Of those institutions, 29% require PGY-1 pharmacy residency training and
25% require either PGY-1 pharmacy residency or at least 3
years of hospital work experience. The survey showed that
32% of institutions did not require any hospital or residency
experience as a minimum qualification for a hospital staff
pharmacist position. The remaining 14% of institutions
replied "none of the above" or "other," which some responders specified that qualification requirements were "PharmD
with residency preferred," "depends on the position," or "6
months of hospital experience."

Discussion
As pharmacy practice at academic medical centers continues
to evolve, we sought to understand how PGY-1 pharmacy
residency programs might also be adjusting. Although our
survey results reveal some significant changes in specific
areas, consistent large-scale changes are not evident over the
5-year historical period. While significant changes have been
occurring within individual programs, many of these changes
did not transcend across programs.
The most common change to program design was an increase
in the amount of teaching experiences provided to PGY-1 residents. This was the only program design change that was found
to be significant. We found a near doubling of these types of
learning experiences occurring over the 5 year survey period.
This could likely be due to a number of factors. First, the updated
ASHP Competency Area, Goals, and Objectives document was
approved in 2014 which incorporated new goals and objectives
for teaching, education, and dissemination of knowledge for
PGY-1 pharmacy residency programs.7 The timing of this

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