SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - 23
FEATURE ARTICLE
show different behavior. Finally, different materials
may be layered within reinforcement to fully utilize
the benefits of composite design.
Fully Coupled Modeling
The major problem stemming from the
oversimplification is that we do not have any good
indicators of error of simplified solution. To determine
that, we need to relax the assumptions and model
a problem where deformation and flow are indeed
coupled. Some analysis for one-dimensional cases is
presented in19-20. Despite the simple setting, interesting
properties of the process were discovered.
Multidimensional flow is more complex to address.
Let us look at a simple two-dimensional injection into a
flat panel as shown in Figure 6. This is rather academic
problem (contrasting with Figure 5) but it should allow
us to determine some relations applying to the CRTM
process and to compare the results with those obtained
from the simplified approach introduced above.
We will still apply some simplifying assumptions. The
dry preform is considered rigid as it tends to be much
stiffer than the wetted part. The wet part is deforms
linearly with modulus E (taken as 1.5 GPa in examples).
To make the numerical approach feasible, we will
introduce artificial damping to this deformation. For
discretized time, the resulting relation for preform
thickness h at time t+1 is evaluated from the thickness
at time t and the initial thickness H as follows
(1)
where ppref is the compressive stress due to the fluid
pressure, pel is the compressive stress due to the contact
between the preform and the tool. dt is time step and c
is artificial constant. To describe the permeability, the
Kozeny-Carman relation will be used. This equation
relates the permeability K to the fiber volume fraction
vf as follows:
(2)
It provides a reasonable fit to the real fabric values for
the preforms we used in our experimental work. The
permeability coefficient in Equation (2) describing the
Kozeny-Carman will be chosen equal to koxx=2.7x10-10
m2 in the horizontal plane and koyy=2x10-12 m2 in the
vertical plane. This anisotropy in material parameters
is typical for woven textile preforms and stems from
SAMPE Journal, Volume 52, No. 1, January/February 2016
23
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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016
Contents
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - Cover1
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - Cover2
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - Contents
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - 2
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - 3
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - 4
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - 5
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - 6
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2016 - 7
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