SAMPE Journal - March/April 2017 - 11
Feature Article
Figure 6. Minimum thickness of laminates (with yellow circles) for multiple zones of layup ratios.
The result is shown in orange. While
the values are different (lower) than
the linear merit, their ascending
rank remain the same except the
second data point. It means that the
efficiency of the laminate design
and its layup is independent of the
relative importance of weight over
speed. The same is found in the 3rd
column where speed is viewed as
more important. The merit factor is
wt/(speed)2. Again the order of their
ranks remain essentially the same.
Higher exponents for both weight
and layup speed have been tested
and found the order of ranking
remain essentially the same.
Comparing with black aluminum
in 3 laminates of soft, [π/4] and
hard, their values in merit, shown
in the bottom of the table in Figure
8 is several factors if not an order of
magnitude higher. That is why C-Ply
is unique and deserves attention by
all users of composite materials.
Conclusions
In this work, bi-angle C-Ply was
presented as the building block
for uni and crossed tri-axial layup
of composite panels. The weight
savings and speed of layup are
significantly superior to laminates
laid up by unidirectional tape. All
SAMPE Journal, Volume 53, No. 2, March/April 2017
the studies presented in this paper
are based on trace-normalized
variables. They are therefore
applicable to all carbon/polymer
composites. Their respective value of
trace is the scaling factor that can be
used to recover the values for specific
materials and use relative trace
values among materials to determine
their respective weight savings. One
concern is the discontinuous off-
axis fibers, which are cut along both
edges of the bi-angle C-Ply tape.
[π/4] laminates with such seams on
the outer ply of coupons oriented
in 90° to the applied uniaxial load
were tested and, in general, the
loss in stiffness was found to be
negligible, and the loss in uniaxial
tensile strength, less than 20%. But
in the axial direction of the beam, the
fibers are intact in 67 and 50%. The
Figure 7. Weight savings over aluminum on top, and relative layup speed on the bottom
11
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