SAMPE Journal - March/April 2017 - 58
Feature Article
Figure 9. Force-displacement data for E-HP75 and E-E75 samples.
Figure 10. Energy-displacement data for XM-HP75 and XM-E75 samples.
Figure 11. Energy-displacement data for E-HP75 and E-E75 samples.
58
in place of E-glass was found to have
a mixed effect on energy absorption
compared to otherwise equivalent
tubes. This result is not surprising
because the axial tows sustained very
little damage in any sample (see all
of the intact axial tows in both failure
modes in Figure 4) and thus had
limited opportunity to contribute to
the energy absorption.
The E-HP60-b and E-HP75-b
samples exhibited a failure mode
distinctly different from all other 60°
and 70° samples, with large spikes
and without any leveling-out of the
force histories. As such, the energy
absorption rates for those samples
are incalculable as described above.
Conclusions
The increased energy absorption of
specimens with the high-elongation
HP-glass fiber in the bias tows was
higher than the E-glass equivalents
in all cases, indicating that this
novel composition has value for
automotive crash applications. The
energy absorption value of samples
with XM-glass in place of E-glass in
the axial direction was mixed, most
likely because the performance of
these samples was dominated by
the bias reinforcements. The drop
impact test fixturing used in the
present work was successful in
generating energy absorption data
for glass fiber composite materials
in a relatively high rate crush-tube
load environment. The occurrence of
two distinct structural failure modes
within each 60° and 75° sample
was unexpected and provides one
obvious area to improve future crush
tube impact studies (e.g., through the
use of a trigger at the leading edge of
the tube).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Joshua Arlund,
Dave Bracken, Nathan Cormier,
Jessie Logan and Beverly Rummage
for their significant contributions to
composite manufacturing, specimen
preparation and testing.
SAMPE Journal, Volume 53, No. 2, March/April 2017
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