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the increasing number of individuals with food allergies in the U.S. needs to be taken into account. Restaurateurs should be encouraged to implement food allergy training that includes training in proper risk communication. Limitations and recommendations for future research Even though a purposive sampling method has provided a variety of opinions and reflected practices of different types of restaurants in different geographical locations, the convenience sampling and the small number of participants limit the generalizability of this study. However, this qualitative research was not intended to gather generalizable data but rather to explore the perspectives of restaurant managers regarding risk communication when serving customers with food allergies. In addition, this study examines only self-reported food allergy risk perceptions and risk communication-related procedures and protocols. Such self-reported data may have been affected by the social desirability bias and must be interpreted with caution. Future research may use other methods, such as observations, to investigate food allergy risk perception and risk communication behaviors of restaurant managers. Lastly, future research is encouraged to assess more generalizable food allergy communication and other practices in restaurants. Cross-sectional studies with a larger number of participants may better reflect current practices related to food allergy prevention and management. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was partially funded by the Kansas State University, Graduate School, Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Small Grant Program. REFERENCES 1. Abbot, J. M., C. Byrd-Bredbenner, and D. Grasso. 2007. "Know before you serve:" Developing a food-allergy fact sheet. Cornell Hotel Rest. A. 48:274-283. 11. Food Allergy Research and Education. 2016a. About food allergies. Available at: http:// www.foodallergy.org/about-food-allergies. Assessed 26 January 2016. 2. Ahuja, R., and S. H. Sicherer. 2007. Food allergy management from the perspective of restaurant and food establishment personnel. Ann. Allergy Asthma Im. 98:344-348. 12. Food Allergy Research and Education. 2016b. Avoiding cross-contact. Available at: http:// www.foodallergy.org/cross-contact. Assessed 26 January 2016. 3. Assa'ad, A. 2014. Food allergy vs. intolerance: What's the difference? Available at: http:// cincinnatichildrensblog.org/safety-andprevention/food-allergy-vs-intolerancewhats-the-difference/#.VB23CkvR7nk. Assessed 26 January 2016. 13. Food Allergy Research and Education. 2016c. Facts and Statistics. Available at: http://www. foodallergy.org/facts-and-stats. Assessed 26 January 2016. 4. Bailey, S., R. Albardiaz, A. J. Frew, and H. Smith. 2011. Restaurant staff 's knowledge of anaphylaxis and dietary care of people with allergies. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 41:713-717. 5. Bock, S. A., A. Muñoz-Furlong, and H. A. Sampson. 2001. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to foods. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:191-193. 6. Bock, S. A., A. Muñoz-Furlong, and H. A. Sampson. 2007. Further fatalities caused by anaphylactic reactions to food, 2001-2006. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119:1016-1018. 7. Boyce, J. A., A. Assa'ad, A. W. Burks, S. M. Jones, H. A. Sampson, R. A. Wood, and J. M. Schwaninger. 2010. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: Report of the NIAIDsponsored expert panel. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126: S1-S58. 8. Branum, A. M., and S. Lukacs. 2008. Food allergy among US children: Trends in prevalence and hospitalizations. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD. 9. Braun, V., and V. Clark. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitat. Res. Psychol. 3(2):77-101. 10. Covello, V. T. 1992. Risk communication: An emerging area of health communication research. Commun. Yearbook. 15:359-373. 382 14. Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Food Code 2009. Available at: http://www. fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/ RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/ FoodCode2009/UCM189448.pdf. Assessed 26 January 2016. 15. Food and Drug Administration. 2013. Food Code 2013. Available at: http://www.fda. gov/ downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/ UCM374510.pdf. Assessed 26 January 2016. 16. Furlong, T. J., J. DeSimone, and S. H. Sicherer. 2001. Peanut and tree nut allergic reactions in restaurants and other food establishments. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:867-870. 17. Glanz, K., B. K. Rimer, and K. Viswanath (ed.). 2008. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons, San Francisco, CA. 18. Kroes, R., C. Galli, I. Munro, B. Schilter, L. Tran, Walker, and G. Würtzen. 2000. Threshold of toxicological concern for chemical substances present in the diet: A practical tool for assessing the need for toxicity testing. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38:255-312. 19. Kronenberg, S. A. 2012. Food allergy risk management: More customers, less liability. J. Foodservice Business Res. 15(1):117-121. Food Protection Trends September/October 20. Kwon, J., and Y. M. Lee. 2012. Exploration of past experiences, attitudes and preventive behaviors of consumers with food allergies about dining out: A focus group study. Food Prot. Trends. 32:736-746. 21. Kwon, J., K. L. Sauer, H. Wen, E. Bisges, and L. Myers. 2013. Dining experiences of customers with food allergies. Poster presented at the Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo (FNCE), Houston, TX. 22. Lee, Y. M., and H. Xu. 2014. August. Restaurants' preparedness for food allergies. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, Indianapolis, IN. Available at: https://iafp.confex.com/iafp/2014/ webprogram/Paper5764. html. Assessed 26 January 2016. 23. Leftwich, J., J. Barnett, K. Muncer, R. Shepherd, M. M. Raats, M. H. M. Gowland, and J. S. Lucas. 2011. The challenges for nutallergic consumers of eating out. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 41:1-7. 24. Madsen, C. B., S. Hattersley, K. J. Allen, K. Beyer, C. H. Chan, S. B. Godefroy, and R. V. Crevel. 2012. Can we define a tolerable level of risk in food allergy? Report from a EuroPrevall/UK Food Standards Agency workshop. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 42:30-37. 25. Madsen, C. B., S. Hattersley, J. Buck, S. M. Gendel, G. F. Houben, J. B. Hourihane, and R. W. R. Crevel. 2009. Approaches to risk assessment in food allergy: Report from a workshop, ''Developing a framework for assessing the risk from allergenic foods." Food Chem. Toxicol. 47:480-489. 26. Maharik, M., and B. Fischhoff. 1993. Contrasting perceptions of using nuclear energy resources in space. J. Environ. Psychol.13:243-250. http://www.foodallergy.org/about-food-allergies http://www.foodallergy.org/about-food-allergies http://www.foodallergy.org/cross-contact http://www.foodallergy.org/cross-contact http://www.cincinnatichildrensblog.org/safety-and-prevention/food-allergy-vs-intolerance-whats-the-difference/#.VB23CkvR7nk http://www.foodallergy.org/facts-and-stats http://www.cincinnatichildrensblog.org/safety-and-prevention/food-allergy-vs-intolerance-whats-the-difference/#.VB23CkvR7nk http://www.foodallergy.org/facts-and-stats http://www.cincinnatichildrensblog.org/safety-and-prevention/food-allergy-vs-intolerance-whats-the-difference/#.VB23CkvR7nk http://www.cincinnatichildrensblog.org/safety-and-prevention/food-allergy-vs-intolerance-whats-the-difference/#.VB23CkvR7nk http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/foodcode2009/UCM189448.pdf http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/foodcode2009/UCM189448.pdf https://iafp.confex.com/iafp/2014/webprogram/Paper5764.html http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/foodcode2009/UCM189448.pdf https://iafp.confex.com/iafp/2014/webprogram/Paper5764.html http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/foodcode2009/UCM189448.pdf http://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/guidanceregulation/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/UCM374510.pdf http://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/guidanceregulation/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/UCM374510.pdf http://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/guidanceregulation/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/UCM374510.pdf http://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/guidanceregulation/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/UCM374510.pdf

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016

Contents
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016 - Contents
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016 - 342
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016 - 343
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016 - 344
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Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2016 - Cover4
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