Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 166

TABLE 5. Level of knowledge of New England small- and medium-sized grower
respondents regarding on-farm food safety agricultural practices for total
and specific content categories (n = 294-301)
Knowledge Content Categories

Mean % correct ±
standard deviation
(alpha reliabilitya)

Question range
(%) correct

Survey questions
below masteryb

Total questions

77 ± 13 (.83)

10 to 99

42%

43

74 ± 19
68 ± 21
83 ± 16
77 ± 21
74 ± 16
86 ± 20
88 ± 29

44 to 99
29 to 90
44 to 98
57 to 91
10 to 97
74 to 97
87 to 88

67%
50%
25%
57%
40%
25%
0%

6
6
8
7
10
4
2

Total
General Food Safety
Water Safety
Health and Hygiene
Planting/Growing/Harvesting
Post-harvest
Animal and Pest Control
Recall/Traceback
a

Alpha reliability was calculated on the complete set of data.
Subject mastery = 80%.

b

on farm size, although respondents from medium-size
farm operations met the 80% subject mastery. Food safety
training and implementation of on-farm food safety practices
impacted knowledge, as evidenced by the significantly
(P < 0.05) higher scores among respondents who have
received training (80% vs. 73%) and those who reported
implementing on-farm food safety practices (79% vs. 71%).
Respondents who identified themselves as needing to comply
with the Produce Safety Rule had higher or significantly (P
< 0.05) higher knowledge than respondents who meet the
requirements for FSMA qualified exemptions and those who
were not covered by the rule, for whom knowledge scores
were 83% vs. 78% and 75%, respectively. Finally, respondents
who indicated they were economically willing and able to
invest in on-farm food safety practices had significantly (P <
0.05) more knowledge than those who did not, 81% vs. 67%
and 82% vs. 73%, respectively. There were no differences
in knowledge by farm location (state), farm size (acres), or
the number of employees (data not shown). There were no
differences in knowledge for those respondents growing
high-risk commodities, such as melons, leafy greens, and fruit
vegetables (data not shown).
Table 7 shows attitude scores of respondents regarding onfarm food safety agricultural practices, with an overall score
of 3.5 ± 0.5 and an alpha reliability of 0.68. Byrd-Bredbenner
and others (5) found that a Cronbach alpha coefficient
of internal consistency of even slightly lower than 0.70
was found to indicate reliability. There were 13 questions
reflecting 4 content category areas: on-farm food safety,
trust, perception of locally grown food, and perception of

166

Food Protection Trends May/June

customers. The first category probed how the respondents felt
about the importance of on-farm food safety (4.0 ± 0.9). The
highest scores reflected the importance for their employees
to know their role in keeping food safe (4.6 ± 0.6) and for
farmers to address produce safety (4.4 ± 0.7). As indicated
by the findings of Jackson et al. (17), who reported that
increased GAP awareness resulted in higher implementation
and worker training, the degree of GAP or equivalent food
safety training could have resulted in the overwhelmingly
positive attitude toward on-farm food safety. However,
respondents appeared to have a more negative attitude
about trusting others (i.e., third party auditors, retailers,
and government) to keep the food supply safe (2.4 ± 0.8).
A lack of trust in regulating agencies by small and mediumscale growers has been recognized as a contributing barrier
to adopting food safety standards (48). Participant attitudes
regarding "smaller is safer" was "neutral," or lower than
anticipated (3.1 ± 0.9), reflecting the opinion that locally
purchased or grown produce is of equal safety to produce
from a grocery store or larger farm. This finding could be in
line with the high belief that even as a small- or mediumsized farm, on-farm food safety was important. The fourth
category highlighted respondents' perception that their
customers value food safety (4.4 ± 0.8) and trust farmers to
grow safe produce (4.2 ± 0.8). However, respondents were
less confident regarding their customers' willingness to pay
more for produce grown on farms with food safety programs
(3.0 ± 0.9), which could affect willingness to implement and
invest in on-farm food safety practices. Inter-item correlation
among the four attitudinal categories - importance of on-



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018

Small- and Medium-Scale New England Produce Growers’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Implementation of on-Farm Food Safety Practices
Prevalence and Conditions of Mechanical Tenderization and Enhancement of Beef at Independent and Minor Chain Meat Retailers in North Carolina
Serogroup Variation With Use of Immunomagnetic Separation to Detect and Isolate Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli O157 and the Big Six Non-O157
Florida Master Gardeners’ Knowledge and Adherence to Food Safety Guidelines
Beyond the Bio Randy Phebus
Pdg Highlight the Food Fraud
IAFP 2018 Special Section
General Interest Paper Meeting Report: Microbiomes in Food Safety, Food Quality, and Human Health
Iafp's Food Safety Innovation Award
Industry Products
Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 149
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 150
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 151
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 152
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 153
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 154
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 155
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Small- and Medium-Scale New England Produce Growers’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Implementation of on-Farm Food Safety Practices
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 157
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 158
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 159
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 160
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 161
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 162
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 163
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 164
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 165
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 166
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 167
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 168
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 169
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 170
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Prevalence and Conditions of Mechanical Tenderization and Enhancement of Beef at Independent and Minor Chain Meat Retailers in North Carolina
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 172
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 173
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 174
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 175
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 176
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 177
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Serogroup Variation With Use of Immunomagnetic Separation to Detect and Isolate Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli O157 and the Big Six Non-O157
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 179
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 180
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 181
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 182
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 183
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 184
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 185
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Florida Master Gardeners’ Knowledge and Adherence to Food Safety Guidelines
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 187
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 188
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 189
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 190
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 191
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 192
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 193
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Beyond the Bio Randy Phebus
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 195
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 196
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Pdg Highlight the Food Fraud
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 198
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 199
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 200
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 201
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 202
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 203
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 204
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 205
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 206
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 207
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Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 209
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 210
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 211
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 212
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 213
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 214
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - IAFP 2018 Special Section
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 216
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 217
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 218
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 219
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 220
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 221
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 222
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 223
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 224
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 225
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - General Interest Paper Meeting Report: Microbiomes in Food Safety, Food Quality, and Human Health
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 227
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 228
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 229
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 230
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 231
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Iafp's Food Safety Innovation Award
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 233
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 234
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 235
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 237
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 238
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 239
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 240
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - 241
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - May/June 2018 - Cover4
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