Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 38 S T R AT E G I C A NALY S IS Coal and Clean Coal Technologies in Turkey By Mücella Ersoy Chief Mining Engineer, Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI) C oal is Turkey's most important domestic energy resource. Although the country has large reserves of low-grade lignite and some hard coal resources, its oil and natural gas resources are quite limited. In recent decades Turkey has relied less and less on its domestic resources, leading to concerns about the country's energy security. Turkey also has one of the fastest growing economies in the world due to a growing population and increasing industrialization. This has led to expanding energy demand, which increased by nearly a factor of six between 1970 and 2014.A,1,2 In 1970, the share of domestic resources in Turkey's energy consumption was 77%. The high energy consumption rate, delays in realization of investments for domestic resources, and increasing imports of energy resources resulted in a reduction of 25% in the domestic share by 2014 (see Figure 1). Coal's share, including lignite, in Turkey's total primary energy supply (TPES) decreased from 24% in 1970 to 13% in 2014. Since 1986, coal has accounted for more than 50% of domestic energy production (see Figure 1). In 2014, the TPES by fuel share (123,937 ktoe) was coal 29.1% (hard coal 16.3%, lignite 12.3%, asphaltite 0.3%, coke 0.2%), other solid fuels 4.9%, oil 26.2%, natural gas 32.4%, hydro 2.8%, geothermal 2.8%, wind 0.6%, solar 0.6%, biofuel 0.1%, and electricity 0.4%. "The future of coal in Turkey will be driven by the domestic use of lignite.'' Several recent energy strategy papers published in Turkey have focused on policies to reduce energy import dependency.3-5 A common theme among the papers is the importance of prioritizing the use of domestic resources, particularly lignite, for electricity generation. Several objectives were set that aim to reduce energy import dependency, including: * Increasing domestic coal exploration * Accelerating the installation of power plants using domestic lignite and clean coal technologies * Maintaining the momentum of R&D on coal (particularly on coal gasification and liquid fuel production technologies) * Improving investment incentives for coal-fired power plants * Retrofitting existing coal-fired power plants THE HISTORIC PRODUCTION, IMPORT, AND USE OF COAL Hard coal reserves are concentrated in the Zonguldak Region on the western Black Sea with lignite reserves scattered throughout the country. Hard coal reserves were estimated at 1.3 Bt. As a result of increased exploration, lignite reserve estimates were increased from 8.3 Bt in 2005 to 15.7 Bt in 2015.B The largest lignite deposits are in Afsin-Elbistan, Konya-Karapinar, Eskisehir-Alpu, Afyon-Dinar, Manisa-Soma, Ankara-Cayirhan, and Kütahya-Tunçbilek, covering the Anatolian plateau from west to east (see Figure 2). Turkey has one of the fastest growing economies in the world. 38 Lignite gained prominence as a domestic energy resource in Turkey after the oil crisis in the 1970s. Lignite production increased from 14.5 Mt in 1980 to 42 Mt in 1986, principally Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Cornerstone - Summer 2016 From the Editor: The World is Changing with Smart Technologies CoverStory: Digital, Interconnected Power Plants to Improve Efficiency and Reduce Emissions Developing Conventional and Alternative Energy in China The Essential Role of Coal in Past and Future Economic Growth Juggling Development Objectives and the Role for Coal After the Paris Agreement Policy Parity for CCS Would Move the U.S. Closer to Its Ultimate Goals A New Platform to Estimate Mercury Emissions India's Dash for Coal Loses Pace Coal and Clean Coal Technologies in Turkey Powers of Perception: The State of the Art and Future of Sensors in Coal Power Plants Using Automation to Increase Mining Safety and Productivity Advances in Pressurized Oxy-Combustion for Carbon Capture Doing the Right Work at the Right Time in the Power Plant of Tomorrow Global News Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Cover1 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Cover2 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - From the Editor: The World is Changing with Smart Technologies Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 2 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 3 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - CoverStory: Digital, Interconnected Power Plants to Improve Efficiency and Reduce Emissions Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 5 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 6 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 7 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 8 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 9 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Developing Conventional and Alternative Energy in China Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 11 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 12 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 13 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - The Essential Role of Coal in Past and Future Economic Growth Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 15 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 16 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 17 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 18 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Juggling Development Objectives and the Role for Coal After the Paris Agreement Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 20 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 21 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 22 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 23 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Policy Parity for CCS Would Move the U.S. Closer to Its Ultimate Goals Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 25 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 26 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 27 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 28 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - A New Platform to Estimate Mercury Emissions Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 30 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 31 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 32 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - India's Dash for Coal Loses Pace Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 34 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 35 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 36 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 37 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Coal and Clean Coal Technologies in Turkey Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 39 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 40 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 41 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 42 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 43 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Powers of Perception: The State of the Art and Future of Sensors in Coal Power Plants Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 45 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 46 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 47 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Using Automation to Increase Mining Safety and Productivity Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 49 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 50 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 51 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Advances in Pressurized Oxy-Combustion for Carbon Capture Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 53 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 54 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 55 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 56 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Doing the Right Work at the Right Time in the Power Plant of Tomorrow Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 58 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 59 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 60 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 61 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 62 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Global News Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - 64 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Cover3 Cornerstone - Summer 2016 - Cover4 http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2016winter http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2016autumn http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2016summer http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2016spring http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2015winter http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2015autumn http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2015summer http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2015spring http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2014winter http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2014autumn http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2014summer http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2014spring http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2013winter http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2013autumn http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2013summer http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wiley/cornerstone_2013spring http://www.nxtbookMEDIA.com
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