POWER February 2015 - 27

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
2. Small trendsetter. The Sunstore project in Demark uses a combination of solar heat,
biomass, and thermal storage to provide 100% renewable CHP to the village of Marstal. Courtesy:
Marstal Fjernvarme
national investments in nuclear, wind, and
hydroelectric generation act as a ceiling on
significant further growth in market share.
However, policy incentives are expected to
increase the use of biomass-already the
primary CHP fuel in Sweden-through
2030, while gas-fired cogeneration is expected
to be retired completely.
Although much of the future focus on
plant to operate at 87% efficiency with about
a quarter of the carbon emissions that would
be produced by burning coal.
Germany. In Germany, where CHP has
been a component of the national energy
transition, Energiewende, CHP's share of total
generation grew 1.5% between 2002 and
2010, and is currently at 15.4%. Slightly less
than one-third of the total is generated by industrial
CHP, with the majority coming from
standalone power plants. Small and renewable
CHP in Germany, however, has experienced
dramatic growth since 2002, though
together they remain a small component of
the total, about 4%.
Cogeneration in Germany is expected to
meet the EU target of 20% of the mix by
2020, growing from 41 GW installed capacity
to 48 GW. Still, the report notes, " Over
the past few years the pace of investment in
large CHP plants has been sluggish, " a situation
it blames on continuing uncertainty in
the German energy market. The government
has set a more ambitious target of 25% by
2020, and the legislation governing CHP is
currently being reviewed.
Denmark. This nation, which supplies
63% of its population with DH, expects CHP
to continue its " absolutely crucial role " in
the national energy mix, according to that
country's report. About 60% of its nonrenewable
generation comes from CHP (primarily
conventional thermal plants, with some combined
cycle plants), making up about 37% of
the total. However, while CHP will remain
critical for DH-78% of it comes from CHP
plants-the government expects that continued
growth in renewable generation will
shrink CHP's share of total electricity generation
in the future.
Denmark hosts one of the more interesting
CHP developments, the solar- and biomasspowered
Sunstore facility in Marstal, near the
border with Germany (Figure 2). Begun in
1994 as a small-scale demonstration project,
it has undergone several expansions, with the
most recent in 2011-2012 to enable it to operate
year-round and supply better than 95%
of Marstal's DH needs.
February 2015 | POWER
www.powermag.com
27
Though relatively small at 31 MWt and
3.2 MWe, it employs a mix of solar heat
collectors, thermal storage, and a wood
chip-fired boiler to supply DH and a small
amount of grid power. The plant relies on
different resources throughout the year,
with the solar collectors providing heat during
the summer and the boiler most of the
heat during the winter. In spring and fall,
the collectors, boiler, and heat storage work
together as needed. The local DH network
uses distributed thermal storage to increase
the system's overall efficiency and reduce
heat losses.
Sweden. Sweden, which has the largest
DH system in Europe after Russia's and a
modern, high-efficiency fleet of CHP plants,
faces a similar situation as Finland. With its
long history of relying on DH and CHP,
room for further improvements is limited.
While the total amount of electricity generated
by CHP nearly doubled between 2002
and 2010, reaching about 10% currently,
CHP in Europe is on biomass and other
renewable generation, conventional CHP
plants are still being built. Verbund's Mellach
combined cycle plant in Austria, which
was a turnkey project from Siemens that
came online in 2012, is a high-efficiency
gas-fired plant that produces 838 MW of
electricity and 400 MW of district heating
output. Still, the Mellach plant also illustrates
the limitations on future growth.
Though the plant is new, it tied into an existing
DH system and replaced several older
coal- and oil-fired CHP plants.
Asia
As might be expected, Asia is a growth market
for CHP, as it is for every sort of energy
development.
China. China has the largest CHP fleet
in the world, and its installed CHP capacity
has expanded alongside the dramatic growth
in overall national capacity. From about 30
GW in 2000, CHP capacity reached 80 GW
in 2006 and 167 GW in 2010, accounting for
23% of total capacity, according to data from
the IEA and Chinese consulting firm GCiS
China Strategic Research. In fact, the largest
share of global growth in CHP over the past
3. Trailblazer. The 691-MW Shanghai Cao Jing Cogeneration Plant was one of the first
large-scale modern cogeneration plants in China. It supplies power and steam to the Shanghai
Chemical Industrial Park. Courtesy: Sembcorp
http://www.powermag.com

POWER February 2015

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of POWER February 2015

Contents
POWER February 2015 - Cover1
POWER February 2015 - Cover2
POWER February 2015 - Contents
POWER February 2015 - 2
POWER February 2015 - 3
POWER February 2015 - 4
POWER February 2015 - 5
POWER February 2015 - 6
POWER February 2015 - 7
POWER February 2015 - 8
POWER February 2015 - 9
POWER February 2015 - 10
POWER February 2015 - 11
POWER February 2015 - 12
POWER February 2015 - 13
POWER February 2015 - 14
POWER February 2015 - 15
POWER February 2015 - 16
POWER February 2015 - 17
POWER February 2015 - 18
POWER February 2015 - 19
POWER February 2015 - 20
POWER February 2015 - 21
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POWER February 2015 - 23
POWER February 2015 - 24
POWER February 2015 - 25
POWER February 2015 - 26
POWER February 2015 - 27
POWER February 2015 - 28
POWER February 2015 - 29
POWER February 2015 - 30
POWER February 2015 - 31
POWER February 2015 - 32
POWER February 2015 - 33
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POWER February 2015 - Cover3
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