POWER May 2012 - 76

WATER MANAGEMENT
tion equipment, then discharge directly to
ponds. Wastewater concentration systems
are complicated, suffer from high operating
cost, use significant auxiliary power,
and require additional manpower.
If wastewater concentration is necessary,
then keep the wastewater concentration
system as simple as possible. Avoid
wastewater softening, filtering, and RO
systems. These technologies can be wonderful
options, but they always increase
complexity. Simple concentration systems
tend to be more reliable and easier to operate.
No plant manager or operator has
ever complained that water treatment is
too simple.
Simple wastewater concentration systems
generally consist of one or more
evaporators (brine concentrators). These
systems can typically increase total solids
(the sum of dissolved and suspended solids)
in wastewater to approximately 20%
to 25% with total dissolved solids of 12%
to 17% and total suspended solids of 3%
to 8%. Cooling tower blowdown total solids
typically average 0.3% to 0.8%, with a
maximum of about 1.0%.
Evaporators recover almost all of the unconcentrated
plant wastewater and return
relatively pure water. The concentrated
water decreases in volume and increases
in total solids. Increasing total solids from
1% (the maximum in cooling tower blowdown)
to 20% (in evaporator blowdown)
reduces wastewater volume by a factor of
20. For example, sending cooling tower
blowdown with a flow of 100 gallons per
minute (gpm) through an evaporator would
result in a concentrated wastewater flow of
just 5 gpm and would also provide 95 gpm
of high-purity distillate suitable for reuse.
That means an evaporation pond sized for
100 gpm could decrease in size by a factor
of approximately 20.
Evaporation pond size can decrease
further through the judicious recycling of
low-total dissolved solids (TDS) wastewater.
Any wastewater stream with a lower
TDS than the cooling tower circulating
water should be returned to the tower
as makeup provided that it's acceptable
for that use. Oil-water separator effluent
and quenched boiler blowdown are commonly
discharged directly to an evapora3.
An air-cooled CSP plant water management system, winter design case (monthly average data). In winter, the two aircooled
towers can't process design boiler blowdown flow rates. The addition of an air cooler allows this low-total dissolved solids water to be redirected to
the reverse osmosis system. Yellow boxes represent water flow rates; orange boxes represent water losses from the system. Source: WorleyParsons
76
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POWER | May 2012

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POWER May 2012

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of POWER May 2012

Contents
POWER May 2012 - Cover1
POWER May 2012 - Cover2
POWER May 2012 - Contents
POWER May 2012 - 2
POWER May 2012 - 3
POWER May 2012 - 4
POWER May 2012 - 5
POWER May 2012 - 6
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POWER May 2012 - Cover3
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