Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 23-5 - 55

Fig. 6. Daily PM10 concentration measured by the RM fixed station (blue
curve) and the proposed Automatic Measurement System including a number
N of low-cost sensors (N=3, red curve; N=5, green curve).

Fig. 5. (a) Between-AMS uncertainty and (b) expanded relative uncertainty
of the measurement results of the proposed Air quality Automatic Meter
System, including a number N of low-cost PM10 sensors compared with the
corresponding tolerance limit (green line).

The graphs depicted in Fig. 5 show the trend of the
between-AMS uncertainty and the expanded relative uncertainty of the results of the AMS when an increasing number of
sensors are included into the candidate method.
In detail, the criterion about the expanded relative uncertainty WAMS is fulfilled by the proposed AMS, whichever the
number of sensors included is considered, whereas the between-AMS uncertainty ubs,AMS is satisfying only if the daily PM
concentration is computed by analyzing the measurement results by at least the three closest sensors.
For all of the considered values for N, the analysis of the
experimental results shows the need for the correction of the
calibration function (in terms of both the slope and the intercept), since an overestimate of the daily PM concentration is
observed (a > 1.5 μg/m3). Thus, the AMSs encompassing more
low-cost sensors are expected to show a reduced expanded relative uncertainty also when the site is characterized by greater
pollutant concentration.
As an example, Fig. 6 shows the daily PM concentration
measured about the next Suitability Test (performed during the 45 days subsequent to the time window adopted for
the Field Test, i.e., the second half of November and all of
December) by the fixed station (blue curve) and by the proposed AMS, when N= 3 and N=5 low-cost PM sensors are
included (respectively red and green curve). In detail, the
daily PM concentration by AMS is computed by considering the slope and intercept corrections of the calibration
function estimated on the basis of the measurement taken
during the Field Test. As seen, during the period of interest
for data quality QA/QC purposes, the proposed AMS allows the low daily PM concentration (average value equal
to 21 μg/m3) to be estimated with a satisfying error (average
value < 2.0 μg/m3).
August 2020	

Further research addresses the long-term stability assessment of the proposed WSN as support to a micro scale model
for estimating the 24-hour average PM10 concentration
against the daily and annual limits prescribed by European
legislation. In detail, the relation between the daily PM concentration and the minimum number of low-cost PM sensors
needed to be included into the AMS will be investigated as
well as the observation time during which the calibration
function may still be adopted without the introduction of correction factors for the ambient influence and/or the thermal
drift of the sensors.

Reference
[1]	 M. Bentayeb, V. Wagner, M. Stempfelet, M. Zins et al.,
"Association between longterm exposure to air pollution and
mortality in France: a 25-year follow-up study," Environ. Int., vol.
85, pp. 5-14, 2015.
[2]	 N. Castell, F. R. Dauge, P. Schneider, M. Vogt et al., "Can
commercial low-cost sensor platforms contribute to air quality
monitoring and exposure estimates?" Environ. Int., vol. 99, pp.
293-302, 2017.
[3]	 V. Paciello, A. Pietrosanto, and P. Sommella, "Smart sensors for
demand response," IEEE Sensors J, vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 7611-7620,
2017.
[4]	 R. Kunzmann, "Smart cities: a new paradigm of urban
development," Crios, pp. 1-4, 2014.
[5]	 G. Di Leo, M. Ferro, C. Liguori, V. Paciello, and A. Pietrosanto,
"Smart devices and services for smart city," in Proc. Hawaii Int.
Conf. Syst. Sci., 2019.
[6]	 S. Lan, M. Qilong, and J. Du, "Architecture of wireless sensor
networks for environmental monitoring," in Proc. Int. Workshop on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 1, pp. 579-582, 2008.
[7]	 M. Carratù, M. Ferro, V. Paciello, A. Pietrosanto, and P. Sommella,
"Performance analysis of wM-Bus networks for smart metering,"
IEEE Sensors J., vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 7849-7856, 2017.
[8]	 "Directive 2008/50/EC of the European parliament and of the
council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for
Europe," Eur-LEX. [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.
eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0050.
[9]	 M. Carratù, M. Ferro, V. Paciello, A. Pietrosanto, and P. Sommella,
"A smart wireless sensor network for PM10 measurement," in
Proc. IMEKO XXII World Congress, 2018.

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine	55


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