Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 23-9 - 33
Table 5 - Experimental results obtained for each factorial point design of the CCD analysis
SNR
SF
BW
CR
TX
LOST
PACKETS
9
-10
8
125
1
10.000
100
10
-10
8
125
3
10.000
20
11
-10
8
500
1
10.000
3066
30.66
12
-10
8
500
3
10.000
1220
12.2
13
-10
10
125
1
10.000
5
0.05
14
-10
10
125
3
10.000
4
0.04
15
-10
10
500
1
10.000
40
0.4
16
-10
10
500
3
10.000
18
0.18
17
0
8
125
1
10.000
16
0.16
18
0
8
125
3
10.000
8
0.08
19
0
8
500
1
10.000
948
9.48
20
0
8
500
3
10.000
185
1.85
21
0
10
125
1
10.000
5
0.05
22
0
10
125
3
10.000
5
0.05
23
0
10
500
1
10.000
5
0.05
24
0
10
500
3
10.000
2
0.02
RUNS
SNR=-15 dBm to the maximum value of SNR=5, with SF, Bw,
CR set to own mean value, SF=9, Bw=250, CR=2. These experiments, together with those of the center points shown in
successive Table 6, highlight the negative degradation effect
of the SNR on the number of lost packets. The number of lost
packets is 0% when SNR is greater than zero (SNR>=5); 16.39%
on average when SNR is -5 dB, and 34.6% in presence of SNR
equal to -15 dB, i.e., this last case is also the worst case among
all those analyzed.
Runs 3 and 4 highlight that by increasing the SF from low
levels (SF=7) to high levels (SF=11), may notably reduce the
% LOST
PACKETS
1
0.2
number of lost packets, also in presence of AWGN level equal
to -5 dBm. Indeed, in this experiment, the lost packets decrease
from 26.1% to 0.1%, which is close to zero, when SF increases
from 7 to 11.
On the contrary, by considering runs 5 and 6, the lost packets number grows dramatically from 0.05% to 26.2% when the
SNR and SF are unchanged (SNR= -5 dB, SF=9) and the bandwidth increases from the minimum value of 125 kHz to the
maximum value of 500 kHz. It is worth noting that the larger
the bandwidth, the worse the communication, according to
LoRa basic specifications.
Table 6 - Experimental results obtained for each star point design of the CCD analysis
SNR
SF
BW
CR
TX
LOST
PACKETS
% LOST
PACKETS
25
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.768
17.68
26
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.580
15.8
27
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.820
18.2
28
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.605
16.05
29
-5
9
250
2
10.000
2.075
20.75
30
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.670
16.7
31
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.445
14.45
32
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.356
13.56
33
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.728
17.28
34
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.425
14.25
35
-5
9
250
2
10.000
2.075
20.75
36
-5
9
250
2
10.000
1.120
11.2
RUNS
December 2020
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 33
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 23-9
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