Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-1 - 15

[21]	Bitemarks. C. M. Bowers, " Review of a forensic pseudoscience:

repeated by experts for legal decision makers who similarly

identification of criminals from bitemark patterns, " J. Forensic and

have no idea what it means. D. L. Faigman, " Evidentiary

Legal Medicine, vol. 61, pp. 34-39, 2019.

incommensurability: a preliminary exploration of the problem of

[22]	Dog-scent lineup. Winfrey v. State of Texas, 323 S.W.3d 875, 881
(Tex. Court of Criminal Appeals, 2010).

reasoning from general scientific data to individualized decisionmaking, " Brooklyn L. Rev., vol. 75, 2010; 1115,1134-35.

[23]	Blood pattern analysis. Texas Forensic Science Commission, Final
Report on Complaint by the Harris County Public Defender's
Office Against the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences,

[33]	National Commission on Forensic Science, Recommendations to
the Attorney General Regarding Use of the Term " Reasonable Scientific
Certainty, " Mar. 22, 2016; 1.

Harris County Sheriff's Office and Houston Police Department,

[34]	P. Hora, T. Stalcup, B. MacKenzie and D. Wallace, Eds., Science

2018, accessed Nov. 22, 2018. [Online]. Available: www.txcourts.

Bench Book for Judges, The National Judicial College, Justice

gov/media/1441773/16-40-final-report-harris-co-public-

Speakers Institute, Reno, NV., July, 2019; sect.3.10.2, 33,35, sect.

defenders-office-for-norma-clark-02022018.pdf.

9.1.2, 261-262, accessed Jun. 21, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://

[24]	Abel Assessment for Sexual Interest (Abel Screening) is unreliable
and rejected in federal court. People v. Fortin, CA Court of Appeal,
2nd App. Dist. 6th Div., 2017; 524, 533-534.

resources.judges.org/downloads/science-bb.pdf.
[35]	United States Department of Justice Uniform Language for
Testimony and Reports for the Forensic Firearms/Toolmarks

[25]	Penile Plethysmograph (PPG). The penile plethysmograph
(phallometric) for evidentiary purposes is not reliable and fails
the " scientific validity " prong of Daubert. The scientific validity
of the technique as a diagnostic tool is suspect, not reliable or
therapeutically beneficial, highly invasive and does not deter
crime. As with the polygraph, the PPG may not be used for
evidential purposes. P. C. Giannelli, E. J. Imwinkelried, A.

Discipline Pattern Examination, sect iv, eff. Aug. 15, 2020.
[Online]. Available: https://www.justice.gov/olp/uniformlanguage-testimony-and-reports.
[36]	P. C. Giannelli, " Scientific evidence 'reasonable scientific
certainty': a phrase in search of a meaning, " Criminal Justice, vol.
25, pp. 40-41, 2010.
[37]	T. Vosk, " Measurement uncertainty: requirement for admission of

Roth and J. C. Moriarty, Scientific Evidence, vol. 1, 5th ed. New

forensic science evidence, " Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science,

Providence, NJ, USA: LexisNexis, 2012; sect 9.08.

A. Jamieson and A. Moenssens, Eds. Chichester, UK: John Wiley,

[26]	R. O'Shaughnessy, " Commentary: phallometry in court problems

2015; 14, p. 235.

outweigh benefits, " Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law, vol. 43, no. 2, 2015;

[38]	[15, p. 13].

154.

[39]	M. J. Saks and J. J. Koehler, " The individualization fallacy in

[27]	A fictional account of the diagnostic and therapy business of libido.
K. Amis, Jake's Thing. New York, NY, USA: Viking Press, 1978.
[28]	Pattern seams on denim pants. S. J. Nightingale and H.

forensic science evidence, " Vand. L. Rev., vol. 61, 2008; 199, 205.
[40]	Forensic scientists use the fallacious term " individualization "
instead of the word " match " because the analysis is about

Farid, " Assessing the reliability of a clothing-based forensic

probability, not necessarily certainty. J. J. Koehler and M. J. Saks,

identification. " Proc. National Acad. of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 10, pp.

" Individualization claims in forensic science: still unwarranted, "

5176-5183, Mar. 2020.

Brook. L. Rev., vol. 95, 2009; 1187, 1199.

[29]	Cheiloscopy in forensic science is the comparison of human

[41]	 " Error rates communicate information about the accuracy of a

lip imprints and impressions for personal identification. The

categorical conclusion, while likelihood ratios typically describe

purported discipline relies primarily on outdated or erroneous

strength of evidence without requiring the examiner to make a

references from non-primary sources. Confirmatory salivary

categorical, match/no match determination. " B. L. Garrett, W.

DNA is not used. The methodology lacks standardization,

E. Crozier, and R. Grady, " Error rates, likelihood ratios, and jury

validity, reliability, and metrological testing analysis. G. M.

evaluation of forensic evidence, " J. Forensic Sci., vol. 65, Jul. 2020;

Fonseca et al., " Lip print identification: current perspectives, " J.
of Forensic and Legal Medicine, vol. 65, 2019; 32-38. Its proponents

1199, 1200, 1205.
[42]	Language and facts are indispensable in communicating science.

ignore the severe criticism of the National Academy of Science

Operative words, expressions and terminology involving

Report 2009 and the wrongful conviction case of People of Illinois

frequency, individualizing statements or probability such as

v. Levelle Davis, 879 N.E.2d 996 (Ill. App. Ct. 2007) which relied

" consistent with, " " could have, " " highly likely, " " very or highly

on the " phoney forensic testimony. " Cheiloscopy should be

probable, " " practical certainty, " " far more probable, " " did

considered " pseudo-science " or " junk science. "

come from, " " match, " " identification, " " rare or unusual shared

[30]	D. L. Faigman, " Anecdotal forensics, phrenology, and other abject

set of features, " " individualization, " " unique, " " discernable

lessons from the history of science, UC Hastings Scholarship

uniqueness, " " sufficient agreement, " " zero error rate " must be

Repository, 59 Hastings L. J. 979, 2008, accessed Sep. 6, 2020.

supported by empirical data and objective criteria. B. L. Garrett

[Online]. Available: http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_

and P. J. Neufeld, " Invalid forensic science testimony and

scholarship/867.

wrongful convictions, " Va. L. Rev., vol. 95, 2009; 1, 19.

[31]	H. H. Bauer, " Anomalistics, pseudo-science, junk science,
denialism: corollaries of the role of science in society, " J. Sci.
Exploration, vol. 28, no. 1, 2014.

[44]	The identification standard utilized by Assoc. of Firearms and
Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE) is " sufficient agreement, " meaning

[32]	Use of these words, " scientific " or " medical " and " certainty "
together is an " empty formalism. " The phrase is a mantra
February 2021	

[43]	K. Servick, " Sizing up the evidence, " Science, pp. 1130-1132, 2016.

" that the agreement [between the two items] is of a quantity and
quality that the likelihood another tool could have made the mark

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine	15

http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1441773/16-40-final-report-harris-co-public-defenders-office-for-norma-clark-02022018.pdf http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1441773/16-40-final-report-harris-co-public-defenders-office-for-norma-clark-02022018.pdf http://www.txcourts.gov/media/1441773/16-40-final-report-harris-co-public-defenders-office-for-norma-clark-02022018.pdf http://resources.judges.org/downloads/science-bb.pdf http://resources.judges.org/downloads/science-bb.pdf https://www.justice.gov/olp/uniform-language-testimony-and-reports https://www.justice.gov/olp/uniform-language-testimony-and-reports http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/867 http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/867

Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-1

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