Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-5 - 24

spectral modes when the tube was filled at some unknown
levels not considered during the training and validation processes.
Fig. 9 shows the liquid level estimated by the neural
network versus the actual liquid level in four cases, using a different
number of natural frequencies in each case.
For each of the liquids, we carried out the same procedure.
For comparison purposes we report in Table 3 the Root Mean
Square Error (RMS) between the ideal content level value and
the actual level provided by the neural network, when the content
level is incremented from empty to full.
Evaluation of the system in terms of accuracy and preFig.
7. Spectrum of the p-emf detected signal. (a) Tube empty; (b) Tube full.
Fig. 8. Evolution of the first four natural frequencies versus content level in spectrogram-like form.
Results and Concluding Remarks
The steps of training and validation on the neural network
model were carried out using 40% and 30% of the available
data. The rest was used for testing by feeding the input of the
neural network with information corresponding to vibration
24
cision is presented through the results corresponding to
the RMS error and variance obtained using several combinations
of natural frequencies on the set of liquids. These
results were obtained by training ten times the neural network
under similar conditions, and then calculating mean
and variance of the measurements. In every case the ideal
neural network output corresponds to a straight line, as
depicted in Fig. 8. It can be noticed that in general, the
best results are achieved when the first four natural frequencies
are used. These values indicate very competitive
figures with respect to other non-contact systems, although
they have been obtained from an arrangement representing
a proof-of-concept. To the best of our knowledge, the
proposed method is a new approach for non-contact level
measurement using an optic technique to detect the vibration
pattern, with a neural net-based data analysis technique
applied to the spectral content.
According to some preliminary observations, we hypothesize
that the method can be suitable for determining
liquid levels within different
types of vessels,
including high pressure
situations. Additional experiments
can be carried
out using several content
materials, geometries and
dimensions, which would
accordingly deliver a different
set of vibrational
frequencies. In every case,
the neural network should
deliver good results given
its natural characteristic
of learning by examples
during the training stage.
Similarly, different neural
network models, as
well as other learning algorithms,
constitute a
variety of research possibilities.
This project is
one of many applications of artificial intelligence methods,
which in combination with other techniques may bring
solutions to a variety of problems in the vast field of instrumentation
and measurement.
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
August 2021

Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-5

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