Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-6 - 32

from group to group, within each level of the time-invariant
covariates at Level 2; i.e., the mean engagement scores of
some groups tend to increase, whereas the mean engagement
scores of others tend to decrease or were unstable. For example,
the mean engagement score for participants who had
previous experience with mobile games (mean= 28.38, SD=
3.18) was lower compared to those with no experience at all
(mean= 22.57, SD= 3.01) (Fig. 1b). The mean engagement score
of participants with dementia was high and tended to increase
over time (mean= 27.61, SD= 3.7) compared to those without
dementia (mean= 24.29, SD= 4.11) (Fig. 1c). It is apparent
that participants experienced a higher Flow level when playing
Word-Search and Mahjong as compared to when playing
Bejeweled (Fig. 1c). The mean game level achieved by participants
was 17.76 (SD=5.81); more interestingly, participants
with dementia performed better on average (game level
achieved mean=18.73, SD=6.4) compared to those without dementia
(game level achieved mean=16.75, SD= 5.0).
Dimensionality Reduction
The factor analysis suggested the existence of six factors that
explain the participants' engagement scores during gameplay,
Table 1 - Variables, measures, variable operationalizations, and data-collection methods
Variables and measures
Type
Name
Description
Engagement
Psychological state
with cognitive,
emotional, and
behavioral
dimensions
Number of
sessions
Game level
Game score
Number of mobile
gameplay
sessions
Maximum level
achieved during
the session
Total score
achieved during
the session
Time (sec)
Time (level1)
Total time to
achieve the
maximum level
during the
session
Technical
problems
Environmental
disturbances
Temporary
malfunction
of the games
or irregularity
of the Vibrant
Mind platform
Noise, light, etc.
Self-reported
(bipolar
Affect
dimensions
of emotions,
including
degrees of
pleasure,
intensity, and
motivation)
32
Fixed factor
covariates
PANAS [1]
[-50...50]
Type
Measurement and
data-collection
method
Dependent
variable
Time variablerepeated
measure
Fixed factor
covariates
Fixed factor
covariates
Fixed factor
covariates
Self-reported
eight-item
questionnaire
(four-point Likertstyle)
Vibrant
Minds
platform
Vibrant Minds
platform
Vibrant Minds
platform
Vibrant Minds
platform
Operationalization
Not at all=1
Not really=2
Somewhat=3
Very much=4
n=[0-15]
[0-n]
[0-n]
[0-n]
Fixed factor
covariates
Fixed factor
covariates
Vibrant Minds
platform
Vibrant Minds
platform
Yes=1
No=0
Yes=1
No=0
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
September 2021

Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-6

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