Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-6 - 40

Fig. 2. Example of sensor deployment in a smart home.
are able to gather several kinds of information, starting from
environmental conditions to people's presence and their
movements. Instead, wearable sensors are worn by the occupants
themselves. They can be either embedded in clothes or in
smart devices such as smart phones and smart watches and are
able to provide additional information regarding the specific
person who is wearing them including: movements, posture,
and bio-physical parameters.
Lastly, infrastructure sensors are sensors which take advantage
of intrinsic home infrastructures, such as conditioning
air systems, electric power grids, domestic appliances and
plumbing systems to gather generic information about the usage
of specific home items. These three types of sensors are
able to collect different kinds of information and data which,
aggregated together, are extremely useful for feature extraction
and behavior classification.
In recent decades, the advancement of new electronic technologies
has led to a rapid improvement in the performance of
both sensors and processing devices, while at the same time,
their size, their power consumption and their cost have decreased.
Moreover, the introduction of the so called Micro
Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and sensor fusion paradigm
has revolutionized the sensor industry, allowing the
manufacturing of different types of transducers and the related
electronics in a single chip by employing lithography
technologies traditionally used for standard digital and analog
chips. In particular, MEMS technology allows manufacture of
both complete mechanical devices featuring dimensions in the
order of few micrometers and traditional electronic circuits in
a standard silicon chip. Instead, the paradigm of sensor fusion
expresses the idea of gathering data from different sources,
processing them together with the final aim of improving
data quality and accuracy. As a result of such technological
40
advancements, a large selection of integrated and " intelligent "
smart sensors has become available. Such devices embed in
a single element both the transducer and the measurement
chain, providing directly a digital measurement of the acquired
parameters and some sort of data pre-processing.
Additional types of sensors which can surely provide useful
information are microphones and video cameras. Such
devices are available in very small size, and they are able to
provide good quality recordings at a quite low price. Nevertheless,
their employment in smart home applications
encounters significant limitations. Firstly, audio and video
processing, such as image recognition algorithms, require very
high computational capabilities and high data-rate for the data
transmission. Moreover, such devices, in order to provide useful
data, should acquire continuous recordings of the home
occupants during all of their activities, and clearly, this is a critical
privacy issue. For these reasons, such devices are rarely
employed. Other alternatives, such as 3D microwave scanners
[18], have been developed with promising results. However,
they are quite expensive and still in prototype stage.
More traditional sensors are able to provide information
on the environmental conditions. As an example, several ultra-low-power
wireless sensor networks have been developed
for monitoring the climatic conditions in closed environments
[19]. Parameters, such as environmental temperature,
humidity, lighting, pollution and dangerous gases, can provide
useful data both to assess the occupants' comfort and
safety, and to automatically control conditioning systems and
illumination.
Other environmental sensors typically employed in smart
home applications are designed to detect the presence of
people in specific areas of the home. Although different technologies
are available, probably, Passive Infra-Red (PIR)
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
September 2021

Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-6

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