Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-7 - 26

pollen release: frequencies
of less than 400 Hz
(typical of bumble bees'
fundamental frequencies)
released ~10% of available
pollen, whereas 450-1000
Hz (typical of low-amplitude
buzz-pollination
harmonics) released ~23%,
although both had similar
amplitude. Another
study [30] found that naïve
B. terrestris decreased
both amplitude and buzz
frequency with increasing
experience with Solanum
rostratum flowers, suggesting
that bumble bees
can 'fine-tune' frequency
and amplitude with floral
familiarity. AMT could
be used to monitor pollination
and predict seed
set for the 20,000 plant
species-including economically
important crops
like blueberries, kiwis
and eggplants-that require
buzz-pollination to
reproduce.
Fig. 5. (a) Example of spectrogram of pollination and flight buzzes (demarcated by red brackets) in the alpine forest
bumble bee, Bombus sylvicola. As bumble bees fly from flower to flower to buzz-pollinate for pollen, they generate
distinct audio signals. (b) Flight buzzes are typically characterized by clear harmonic stacking and equivalent dominant
and fundamental frequencies, shown here with power spectral density plot; (c) Pollination buzzes are characterized with
dominant frequencies at higher harmonic levels.
of pollination buzzes were positively correlated with pollen
release in anthers of Solanum flowers but with no relationship
between pollen release and buzz frequency [28]. The authors
of [29] showed that variability in sonication frequency affects
26
Potential
Application:
Using AMT to
Study Pathogens,
a Major Threat to
Bumble Bees
One of the gravest modern
threats facing bumble bees
is pathogen spread. Commercial
bumble bees are
shipped internationally to
meet agricultural pollination
demands. Although
quality standards require
bumble bee colonies to
be verified as pathogenfree
before shipping, one
study found that over 75%
of 'verified' commercial
colonies were still infected
with pathogens [2]. Ineffective
monitoring methods are contributing to worldwide
movement of pathogens [3], resulting in more rampant disease
spillover from managed to wild bumble bee populations.
Disease agents including the trypanosome Crithidia bombi (a
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
October 2021

Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-7

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