Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 29
Fig. 3. Measurement through multi-sensor data fusion.
shown in Fig. 4a. The three
types of inputs include the
sources of data/information,
auxiliary information,
and a priori external knowledge
[2]. The outputs of the
fusion unit are the fused results.
Multiple fusion units
can be arranged in a parallel
or serial manner, as
shown in Fig. 4b and Fig.
4c. In the parallel architecThe
third scenario, as illustrated in Fig. 3, is the measurement
of the same measurand with multiple sensors. As
individual measurement may not reveal all the properties of
the object in a complicated environment or situation, it is beneficial
to employ multiple sensors of the same or different types
to achieve a comprehensive measurement. The heterogeneous
sensors or the same kind of sensors operated with different
settings can provide redundant and/or complementary information.
The outputs from these sensors can thus be fused to
get a more complete target measurement with reduced uncertainty
and improved accuracy. Multi-sensor measurement and
fusion are extremely important to address the challenges arising
from complex modern industrial applications.
The recent advances in the industrial Internet of Things
enable the use of multiple sensors in an industrial environment
for sensing, monitoring, and measuring. The need for
insights and actionable information from sensory data drives
the research and development of multi-sensor fusion. Basically,
the sensor data fusion can be modelled as the block
ture, each fusion unit processes the sensor data and delivers
the result to the fusion unit at the next level to fuse the processed
results from multiple sensors. In the serial architecture,
each fusion unit receives the data from the sensor and the output
from the previous unit and delivers the result to the unit
at the next level. The sophisticated processing and fusing algorithms
are implemented in each fusion unit. Moreover, it
is possible to have a hybrid arrangement incorporating both
parallel and serial fusion architectures into one fusion system.
The straightforward setup for multi-sensor measurement
is to employ multiple sensors. Moreover, the measurement can
be done with the same sensor operating with different setups
or at varied time stamps. Thus, the fusion problems in measurement
can be categorized into four classes as listed in Table
1 [3]:
Fusion across attributes refers to the situation where multiple
sensors measure different quantities associated with this
situation [3]. This category broadens the fusion concept and
covers the second scenario illustrated in Fig. 2. All relevant
Fig. 4. Sensor fusion unit and architectures. (a) Single fusion unit. (b) Parallel arrangement of fusion units. (c) Serial arrangement of fusion units.
February 2022
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
29
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - Cover1
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - Cover2
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 1
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 2
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 3
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 4
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 5
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 6
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 7
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 8
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 9
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 10
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 11
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 12
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 13
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 14
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 15
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 16
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 17
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 18
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 19
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 20
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 21
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 22
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 23
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 24
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 25
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 26
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 27
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 28
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 29
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 30
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 31
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 32
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 33
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 34
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 35
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 36
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 37
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 38
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 39
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 40
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 41
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 42
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 43
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 44
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 45
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 46
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 47
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 48
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 49
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 50
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 51
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 52
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 53
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 54
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 55
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 56
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 57
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 58
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 59
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 60
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 61
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 62
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 63
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 64
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 65
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 66
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 67
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 68
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 69
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 70
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 71
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 72
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 73
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 74
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 75
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 76
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 77
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 78
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 79
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 80
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 81
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 82
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 83
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 84
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 85
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 86
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 87
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 88
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 89
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 90
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 91
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 92
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 93
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 94
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 95
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 96
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 97
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 98
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 99
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 100
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 101
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 102
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 103
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 104
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 105
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 106
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 107
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - 108
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - Cover3
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-1 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/26-6
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/26-5
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/26-4
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/26-3
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/26-2
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/26-1
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/25-9
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/25-8
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/25-7
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/25-6
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/25-5
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/25-4
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/25-3
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/instrumentation-measurement-magazine-25-2
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/25-1
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-9
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-7
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-8
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-6
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-5
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-4
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-3
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-2
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/24-1
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/23-9
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/23-8
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/23-6
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/23-5
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/23-2
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/23-3
https://www.nxtbook.com/allen/iamm/23-4
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com