Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-3 - 23
For effective and accurate measurements of a photovoltaic
cell's parameters, we need to determine I-V curve parameters
under Standard Temperature Condition (STC), using an
AM1.5G air mass filter, and temperature of 25 °C, at different
irradiance levels. These parameters are the series resistance
Rs
, the shunt resistance Rsh
, open-circuit voltage Voc
cuit current Isc, the maximum power Pmax
and efficiency [10]. The open-circuit voltage Voc
, short cir,
the Fill Factor (FF),
is the maximum
voltage obtained by the photovoltaic cell when its circuit
opens. The short circuit current Isc
is the maximum current produced
by the photovoltaic cell when the voltage between its
contacts is zero. The FF is the power out from the photovoltaic
cell Pmax
divided by the product of the short-circuit current
and the open-circuit voltage ( scIV ), as shown in the following
equation [11], [12]:
oc
FF
P IVmax max max
IV I Vsc oc
sc oc
The efficiency of the photovoltaic cell η is the maximum
power divided by the product of the irradiance W/m2
area of the cell A [13]:
and the
η
IV
GA
mp mp
100
(4)
In this work, we designed and developed a reference system
for solar cells and small solar panel measurements at the National
Institute of Standards
(NIS) of Egypt; this system
is traceable to the radiometric
(based on reference
trap detector) and the WRR
(based on a reference pyranometer)
traceability. This
paper compares SR based
on monochromator and
DSR techniques. The experimental
setup is discussed,
and the uncertainty budget
is estimated and presented
in detail. The results were
compared with certified reference
solar cells calibrated
at international standards
research institutes to evaluate
the photovoltaic cells'
performance.
Fig. 1. The World Radiometric Reference and Radiometric Traceability of a photovoltaic (PV) cell.
Experimental
Work
Fig. 2. NIS's double monochromator spectral responsivity facility set up. 1. Light source; 2. Power supply of a lamp; 3.
Entrance slit of the double monochromator; 4. Mirrors; 5. Diffraction grating; 6. Exit slit of the double monochromator; 7.
Optical beam; 8. Photovoltaic cell under test; 9. Reference irradiance sensor; 10. Motorized translation stage; 11. Optical
power meter; 12. PC with LabVIEW software; 13. Stage driver.
May 2022
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
Measurement of the
SR Using a Double
Monochromator
The MS257 double monochromator
(model 77700)
consists of two single
monochromators that are
attached (Fig. 2). The double
monochromator contains
three gratings: Grating #1 is
1200 lines/mm used in the
spectral range from 180nm
to 250nm, Grating #2 is
1200 lines/mm used in the
spectral range from 450 nm
to 1400 nm, and Grating #3
is 600 lines/mm used in the
spectral range from 900 nm
to 3000 nm.
23
(3)
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-3
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