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Fig. 7. Obtained results for the finger tapping test for the z coordinate, based
on [10]. (a) Average spectra for the no-disease and diseased cases; (b) Scatter
plot with features INT1-4
and INT4-12
.
to represent the integrals of the spectra at 1-4 Hz and 4-12 Hz
intervals, respectively. These integrals were calculated for each
repeated test (for no-disease and disease cases), and the scatter
plot shown in Fig. 7b was obtained. It is possible to note
how the two cases belong to two distinct classes. In particular,
a possible answer to why we chose 1-4 Hz and 4-12 Hz as
integration intervals could be due to the ability of the ill patient
to replicate the finger tapping test with a high frequency
rate and focus most activity in a low frequency interval. On the
contrary, the non-ill patient can achieve repetitions at higher
frequency rates (4-12 Hz) and a small contribution is experienced
at low frequencies. As an example of classification, the
k-nearest neighbor algorithm was used and a test accuracy
of 91.9% was obtained. This guarantees the goodness of the
proposed methodology and about the system's suitability to
real case diagnoses, given that the patient only needs to wear
a minimally-invasive device such as a sensorized glove, in
which there is the tag and the power supply system necessary
for the tag working load.
Discussion and Conclusions
In this paper, the topic of positioning has been addressed. Positioning
provides information on the position and orientation
of a mobile node within a work environment. This information
is necessary to allow the mobile node to move in the considered
environment and to increase the automation level in
several frameworks where devices can operate autonomously
or be remotely controlled by professionals. In particular, anchor-based
positioning systems have been developed to
achieve accurate performance in scenarios where the use of
other positioning technologies, such as GNSSs, are not recommended.
Low-frequency variable magnetic fields were used
for the development of the positioning systems. The physical
characteristics of this technology allow it to be used in indoor
environments. The proposed solutions have been applied and
tested in industrial and biomedical applications.
For the industrial field, in the context of ECT-based NDT,
the goal has been to provide the ECP position through the
use of a 2D magnetic positioning system. The proposed
September 2022
solution is compatible with the freehand movement of the
ECP, a necessary constraint for the execution of some tests.
Furthermore, low cost and light computational load characteristics
are guaranteed. This activity represented a first step
towards the creation of a system capable of providing the
three-dimensional ECP position in such a way as to increase
its effectiveness. In the biomedical field, a 3D magnetic positioning
system has been proposed for monitoring some motor
symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The developed system was
found to be suitable for providing information about typical
symptoms and therefore the first indications for the diagnosis
of the disease. An experimentation phase with real patients
will be necessary to further verify the system's ability to discriminate
features that are important for making diagnoses.
After a prototype engineering phase, the use of these systems
in basic medical studies could be facilitated thanks to the low
cost, portability and immediate availability of the prescribed
test results. It will constitute an important tool for the early diagnosis
of the disease with consequent benefit to patients.
References
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