Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-9 - 20

drawbacks: the high invasiveness into the brain and the limitation
in insect mobility.
When intracellular recordings of synaptic potentials and
currents are performed, for instance, to study the neuromuscular
system, a sharp glass micro-electrode is often used to
monitor evoked synaptic transmission, stimulating the neuron
axon with a suction electrode, and acquiring the excitatory
junction potentials. To measure the synaptic current, a twoelectrode
voltage clamp configuration is usually adopted: two
sharp microelectrodes maintain a command voltage and record
synaptic currents. The voltage and current signals are usually
in the range of mV and pA, respectively, and a 5 kHz lowpass
filter is usually applied for action potential recording [2].
Imaging analysis has
revealed a precious measuring
method, especially
when dealing with genetic
mutants, carrying
a specific gene modification
in targeted neurons.
Gene activity in neurons
involves linking the gene
encoding the fluorescent
reporter to a gene of interest,
whose expression
enables or disables activity
in specific neurons.
The gene switching-on
also causes the production
of the linked fluorescent
protein. Its emitted light
is measured using classical
image processing
techniques. This provides
a useful way to monitor a
gene's activity and so the
related neuron efficiency.
It should be noted that the
invasiveness is minimal,
so if the gene expression
is, for example, temperature
controlled, the insect
smoothly becomes a mutant
if the temperature
is set to a specific value.
Other methods involve
creating a transparent window
on the insect's head to
optically access the brain,
while the animal is free to
move. Brain activity can be
thus recorded by stabilizing
the free-walking insect
head under tracking and
fluorescence camera sensors
[3].
20
Specific experimental setups are currently used in neurogenetic
laboratories to inspect the behavioral effect of genetic
mutations. Typically, examples are the LED arena used for
visual orientation studies and glass tubes with infrared detectors,
including a computerized data collection system for
locomotor behavior analysis.
MBs' Neural Center
MBs are the brain centers where learning tasks were univocally
identified and studied, and so they are among the most
studied neuropiles. These are paired structures located in the
fly central brain (Fig. 1) and show distinct similarities with the
mammalian hippocampus and cerebellum. Even if MBs are
Fig. 1. The fly brain mushroom body's rough structure and the different behaviors computationally modeled. The learning
mechanisms adopted include spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP).
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
December 2022

Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-9

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