Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-9 - 53

A GPS Based Unmanned Drone
Technology for Detecting and
Analyzing Air Pollutants
Amzad Hossain, Meratun Junnut Anee, Raisa Faruqui, Sabahat Bushra,
Parinda Rahman, and Riasat Khan
A
ir pollution is now becoming a global issue because
it directly affects human health, by creating
cancer, respiratory and cardiac diseases, and the
earth's ecosystem, by causing climate change and depletion of
ozone layers. The rapid expansion of civilization and industrialization,
leading to hazardous emissions from automobiles,
chemical industries, and fossil fuel burning, plays a significant
role in air and atmospheric pollution. Unmanned aerial
systems and the internet of things-based sensing devices have
provided new impetus for automatic air pollution monitoring
and analysis. In this paper, an automatic indoor and outdoor
air quality monitoring system has been developed using an
unmanned aerial vehicle: a drone. The proposed device is constructed
from an ultra-strength DJI F450 frame, various gas
sensors, a particulate matter detector, and a camera to detect
and distinguish air pollution data. The precision and sensitivity
of the proposed device have been evaluated by collecting
air emissions data from two places in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The
drone has been navigated in Uttara and Bashundhara areas
to measure the amount of CO, CO2
, O3
, SO2
, NOx, and dust
in indoor and outdoor environments. We obtained higher air
pollution concentrations in Uttara than in Bashundhara, as
it is an area with more industries and construction sites. The
proposed system composed of an uncrewed aerial device and
low-cost gas monitoring sensors is expected to create new possibilities
in environmental and air pollution monitoring.
Measuring Particulates by Drone
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), known as drones, are
unpiloted aerial rotorcraft and have gained a lot of acknowledgment
in the research field due to their multiple usages
and unique features. Drones have been used for remote
sensing, surveillance and recreational purposes, commercial
and motion picture filmmaking [1]. Due to its versatile
aerial monitoring features, UAV technology promises significant
value in environmental monitoring research. Many
research projects have been done to monitor environmental
pollution, and those works had their share of advantages and
drawbacks. Due to isotropic scattering, the concentration of
December 2022
air particles changes instantaneously at all heights and directions;
hence, the detection task is challenging without a
highly accurate drone.
Air pollution refers to the emission of harmful elements
into the air that are detrimental to human and other living
creatures' health, biodiversity and climate. One of the
world's most significant scourges is air pollution, putting
food security and peoples' lives at risk. The rapid growth of
civilization primarily contributes to air pollution due to detrimental
particles from automobile, chemical, fertilizer, and
power generation industries being released. Air pollution
poses a global environmental health risk by creating respiratory
and cardiac diseases. It causes approximately seven
million deaths worldwide every year (estimation of the
World Health Organization (WHO)) and damages billions of
crops that could have been fed to the poor [2]. The effect of
air pollution on the environment and the people on this earth
is extremely hazardous. The increasing level of air pollution
causes damage to plants and buildings as it can be a source
of acid rain [2].
Low- and middle-income countries mostly confront air
pollution, and more than 90% of people around the globe live
in higher air quality index (AQI) territories. Countries with
higher AQI are at greater risk, and Bangladesh ranks in the
168th
position at the environmental performance index for air
quality with a higher AQI among 179 countries [3]. According
to the Department of Environment (DoE) in Bangladesh, the
AQI is higher because of the following pollutants: particulate
matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2
), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Table 1 lists the emission
sources and limits of various air particles allowed in indoor
and outdoor environments.
In this paper, an automatic unmanned aerial system was
developed to collect and monitor air quality data. This proposed
system comprises a multifunctional drone that will
navigate autonomously and collect data to analyze the air pollution
density from certain areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The
air quality data were collected from two places of Dhaka: Uttara,
a commercial and industrial suburb, and Bashundhara, a
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
1094-6969/22/$25.00©2022IEEE
53

Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 25-9

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