Journal of Oral Implantology October 2012 - (Page 581)

RESEARCH Relationship Between Smoking and Bleeding on Probing ˜ Joao Gustavo Oliveira de Souza1 ´lio Marco Aure Bianchini, PhD, MSc2 Cimara Fortes Ferreira, PhD, MSc3* The objective of this study was to assess and compare bone loss (BL) around the dental implant platform as well as the presence of bacterial plaque (PBP), bleeding on probing (BOP), and periodontal probing depths (PD) of teeth and dental implants of smokers and nonsmokers. Three hundred forty-seven teeth and 98 implants of 20 randomly selected patients were assessed (12 smokers and 8 nonsmokers). The specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the site probed. Group 1 included smoker implant sites, group 2 included smoker tooth sites, group 3 included nonsmoker implant sites, and group 4 included nonsmoker tooth sites. The presence/ absence of visible bacterial plaque, presence/absence of BOP, PD 3 mm or .3 mm, and BL around the dental implant platform were the data assessed. The PBP and BL showed statistical significance between smokers and nonsmokers. Bleeding on probing and PD 3 mm showed statistical significance between groups 1, 3, and 4. Comparing sites with BOP and PD . 3 mm, there was no statistical significance except for group 1, which did not present sites with these characteristics. Comparing sites with BOP and PD 3 mm, there was statistical significance between group 2 and groups 3 and 4. When comparing the prevalence of sites without BOP and PD . 3 mm, there was statistical significance between groups 1, 3, and 4. Smoking promotes a greater BL around the dental implant platform and results in vasoconstriction of the peri-implant and periodontal tissues. Key Words: cigarette smoking, teeth, dental implants, bleeding on probing INTRODUCTION he notable success of dental implants1 showed increased use of this treatment modality for replacing missing teeth and resulted in an increased interest in identification of factors associated with its failures. The deleterious effects of smoking on wound healing and its association with low bone quality and periodontal disease are well documented. Therefore, a negative effect from smoking is expected when individuals are rehabilitated with dental implants.2 Failure of dental implants can occur immediately after implant placement or after osseointegration has occurred. Early failure occurs especially because of lack of primary stability, resulting in fibrous tissue formation in the boneimplant interface. Delayed failures occur because of Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil. Department of Periodontics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. 3 University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tenn. * Corresponding author, e-mail: cferreir@uthsc.edu DOI: 10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-10-00061 2 1 T loss of osseointegration from overload, infection, or from an association of both.2 Studies demonstrate that systemic factors can compromise the intimate contact between implant and bone before they are exposed to the oral cavity.1,3 However, the longevity of dental implants and the identification and action of these factors as time elapses remain unknown. Various studies were therefore developed to identify the factors that impair the host’s response to peri-implant infection.1–3 Smoking shows a strong association with the severity of periodontal diseases and with periimplant bone loss (BL).2,4–6 Bacterial proliferation in epithelial cells is greater in smokers. In addition, the microorganisms involved in periodontal disease (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Tannarella forsythensis) are the same that are related to periimplant diseases.7 This could predispose to early dental implant loss because of the higher concentration of A actinomycetemcomitans, P gingivalis, and T forsythensis in smokers.8 Journal of Oral Implantology 581

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Journal of Oral Implantology October 2012

Should the Implant Fit the Patient or Should the Patient Fit the Implant?
Histologic and Biomechanical Evaluation of Alumina-Blasted/Acid-Etched and Resorbable Blasting Media Surfaces
Impact of Dental and Zygomatic Implants on Stress Distribution in Maxillary Defects: A 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Study
Precision of Implant Placement With Stereolithographic Templates: A Pilot In Vitro Study
An Evaluation of Biocompatibility of Indigenously Produced Pure Titanium: An Experimental Study in Rabbits
Relationship Between Smoking and Bleeding on Probing
Stress Analysis in Platform-Switching Implants: A 3-Dimensional Finite Element Study
Acrylic Resin Polymerization in Direct Contact to the Abutment and the Temperature at Bone-Implant Interface: A Pilot In Vitro Study
Clinical Application of Stereolithographic Surgical Guide With a Handpiece Guidance Apparatus: A Case Report
Fixed Rehabilitation of Severely Atrophic Jaws Using Immediately Loaded Basal Disk Implants After In Situ Bone Activation
A Functional Open-Tray Impression Technique for Implant-Retained Overdenture Prostheses
Use of Plasma Rich in Growth Factor for Schneiderian Membrane Management During Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Procedure
A Technique to Facilitate the Fabrication of Provisional Restorations for ITI Solid Abutments
Influence of Etiologic Factors in Peri-Implantitis: Literature Review and Case Report
Simplistic Partially Limiting Surgical Guide for Flapless Implant Placement: A Case Report
Types of Implant Surgical Guides in Dentistry: A Review
Rehabilitation of Atrophic Posterior Maxilla With Zygomatic Implants: Review

Journal of Oral Implantology October 2012