May/June 2021 - 86

Interior conditions in Tram Building
Crack measurement in Tram Building
Weather changes and corresponding
crack displacements were
recorded for 1,000 hours between
December 7, 2015 and January 18, 2016
(41.7 days) . Diurnal (day-night)
temperature changes correlated with
crack separations during building
operational weekdays and were offset
by no interior heating on weekends. The
lack of heat during nights and weekends
was followed by increased interior
humidity. This humidity change
resulted in an increase in the width of
the crack separation and in the crack's
vertical offset. Over this time period,
relative humidity and temperature
changed 31.4% and 18 ⁰F (7.8 ⁰C), while
the highest overall changes in the
vertical and horizontal crack separation
dimensions were 4,879 and 84,774
micro-in (0.124 and 2.153 mm),
respectively.
Transient pile driving events
typically produced peak vertical crack
displacements up to 259 micro-in
(0.0066 mm). By comparison, human
activities such as opening and closing
doors, walking, or dropping objects
generated up to 2,825 micro-in
(0.07 mm) displacements in the vertical
component of the crack. Horizontal
displacements were about half of those
in the vertical component.
86 * DEEP FOUNDATIONS * MAY/JUNE 2021
To get a broader picture of potential
structural shifts, changes in elevation of
the Tram Building's interior and exterior
foundation were documented using a
self-leveling rotary laser level. Net
elevation differences between September
29, 2015 and May 12, 2016 were
evaluated at survey points (SP) as either
positive values (increase) or negative
values (decrease) during construction.
The highest-measured elevation change
was +0.48 in (12 mm) on the building's
south corner, as measured on the
exterior foundation. The largest interior
slab differential movement was +0.24 in
(6 mm), and occurred along a structural
wal l that faces southwest . The
maximum differential elevation across
the interior slab from the northeast to
the southwest, perpendicular to the
concrete slab crack, ranged from
-0.12 in (3 mm) at SP 9, to +0.24 in (6 mm)
at SP 11. The positive differential
interior slab movement along the
southwest wall indicated that settlement
did not take place over the
construction-monitoring period. Rather,
it demonstrates that ocean-side expansion,
and not settlement, most likely
took place; this conclusion is supported
by overall vertical crack closure during
construction.
Building elevation changes from level-loop survey

May/June 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of May/June 2021

TOC
May/June 2021 - Intro
May/June 2021 - 1
May/June 2021 - 2
May/June 2021 - TOC
May/June 2021 - 4
May/June 2021 - 5
May/June 2021 - 6
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