February 2023 - 15

move to get good structural root development, "
she said.
Volder mentioned heading or pruning those trees at
planting, which is a practice in California.
" The idea is you usually need to put the shoot and
root in balance. In (pruning or heading) you're going
to change the amount of carbon that goes to the root
system, " she said.
Data from a comparison of trees that were staked
and those that were allowed to move showed that
many more roots are formed when trees can move.
" This is one of the reasons you should stake your
trees very loosely, " Volder said.
" You need to have very wide roots to actually anchor
your tree very well. Deep roots are very important
because those are going to be the ones that supply
your tree with water. "
Volder said a lot of research on trees relies on soil
bores.
" If you take vertical soil bores, you're very likely
going to miss those few roots that go very deep. When
people ask, how deep do tree roots go, we can't really
answer that question because we just don't know. "
" When you see some of the issues that we saw when
we looked really closely at the root systems, some of it
is due to planting. In tissue-cultured trees you can see
how roots are pooling over each other. "
Researchers continue to explore root structures,
including in nursery production, and the impacts of
tree pruning and irrigation.
" So far, we've found that if you prune the trees,
you're going to reduce the root to shoot ratio, " she
said. " You're going to have less roots. Whatever you do
above ground is going to affect what happens below
ground, and also later on with the interactions with
the soil. The soil health is actually going to affect how
much carbon interacts with the soil microbes. "
Roots also stay " a lot more shallow if you do
frequent pruning. You're going to change the root
distribution. "
Volder said researchers also reduced irrigation in
this experiment, " but reducing irrigation has much
less effect on the root system than actually doing the
pruning. We saw more negative effects from pruning
on root mass. In California, that could be a major
problem because we actually need the roots going
very deep to access more water resources.
" Those structural roots have to be in place and
have to be spread out and around your orchard and
explore a lot of soil in order to provide space for fine,
absorptive, first-order roots that do most of the hard
lifting for water and nutrient uptake. "
Root age also affects the ability to uptake nutrients,
Volder said. Roots that are just born have very high
uptake of nitrogen.
" Once you get to 10 days, that is much reduced. You
need to have flashes of continuous new root growth in
order to get the benefits from them. "
FRUITGROWERSNEWS.COM | 15

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February 2023

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