DISEASE CONTROL FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC, https://www.frac.info/) has organized fungicides according to FRAC groups, which reflect chemical structure and Mode of Action (MoA). Fungicides within a given FRAC group control fungi in a comparable manner and share the same risk for fungicide resistance development. Some fungicides are referred to as high- or at-risk fungicides because of their specific MoA's and therefore have an elevated risk for resistance development. Groups of fungicides, such as the QoI's (FRAC group 11) or Phenylamides (FRAC group 4) are prone to resistance development due to very specific MoA's. Fungicides in high- or at-risk groups should be rotated and/or tank-mixed with broad spectrum, protectant fungicides (FRAC group M3 or M5) to delay the development of resistant strains of fungi. For more information on fungicide resistance management see: http://www.frac.info/ TABLE 3-52. FUNGICIDE MODES OF ACTION FOR FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT L. Quesada-Ocampo, Plant Pathologist, North Carolina State University FRAC Code P01 M01 M02 M03 M05 1 2 Fungicide Resistance Risk Group Name Unknown Low Low Low Low High Medium to high 3 4 7 9 11 12 13 14 19 21 22 25 27 28 29 P07 40 43 45 49 Medium High Medium to high Medium High Benzo-thiadiazole (BTH) Inorganic copper Inorganic sulfur Dithiocarbamates Chloronitriles Methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBC) Dicarboximides Demethylation inhibitors (DMI) Phenylamide (PA) Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) Anilino-pyrimidines (AP) Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) Low to medium Phenylpyrroles (PP) Medium Polyoxins Penthiopyrad Pyrimethanil Pyraclostrobin Trifloxystrobin Azoxystrobin Azonaphthalenes (AZN) Low to medium Aromatic hydrocarbons (AH) Medium Medium to high High Quinone inside Inhibitors (Qil) Low to medium Benzamides(toluamides) Glucopyranosyl antibiotics Low to medium Cyanoacetamide-oximes Low to medium Carbamates Low Low Dinitroanilines Phosphonates Low to medium Carboxylic acid amides (CAA) High Benzamides Medium to high Triazolo-pyrimidylamine (QoSI) Medium to high Oxysterol Binding Protein Inhibitors (OSBPI) Fludioxinil Quinoxyfen Dicloran Polyoxin D Cyazofamid Zoxamide Streptomycin Cymoxanil Propamocarb Fluazinam Fosetyl AL Dimethomorph Mandipropamid Fluopicolide Ametoctradin Oxathiapiprolin Example Active ingredients Acibenzolar-S-methyl Fixed copper Sulfur Mancozeb Chlorothalonil Thiophanate-methyl Iprodione Triflumizole Myclobutanil Mefenoxam Boscalid Example Products Actigard Copper (various) Sulfur (various) Mancozeb (various) Chlorothalonil (various) Topsin M Rovral Procure Rally Ridomil Gold Endura Fontelis Scala Cabrio Flint Quadris Maxim Quintec Botran OSO Ranman Gavel (contains zoxamide and mancozeb) Agri-Mycin 17 Curzate Presidio Omega Aliette Forum Revus Presidio Zampro (contains ametoctradin and dimethomorph) Orondis 324 2023 Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United Stateshttps://www.frac.info http://www.frac.info/