Specialty Fabrics Review August 2019 - 84

FOCUS

ADVANCED TEXTILES

Orienting the robotic fabric in two different
directions causes a block of foam to either
bend or compress, a principle that could
be used to create robots that inch forward
or slither. Photos: Purdue University /
Rebecca Kramer.

84 REVIEW AUGUST 2019

temperature, so the battery can be smaller,"
Holschuh says.
Because these devices could use the body's
own energy without any other power source,
an active panel could be taken out of a freezer
and put into an article of clothing, such
as leggings. As soon as it's worn, it would
respond to the wearer's own body heat and
activate the functionality. The same concept
could provide "smart braces" for teeth that
would tighten in response to the heat that
occurs naturally in the wearer's mouth.
Holschuh is currently working with Rachael
Granberry, a Ph.D. student and NASA Space
Technology Research Fellow, on a NASA
project designing customizable compression
garments for astronauts. When astronauts
return to Earth, they need an effective lowerbody compression garment to mitigate the
effects of weightlessness on their circulation.
Compression stockings identical to those we
use on Earth are currently in use by NASA, but
the stockings can't be worn for long periods of
time, so if the astronauts' re-entry is delayed,
there's a problem. Work at the WTL has been
focusing on a controllable garment to respond to
individual needs and changes in circumstances.
The team's work could someday translate
to products for treating conditions such as
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and
autism in children, where compression
garments have been found to be an effective
treatment. In both cases, the technology can
create haptic stimulation on the body that
mitigates anxiety and stress for a wearer who
might otherwise be agitated.
New technology is "on the cusp of
having truly interesting use in wearable
situations," says Holschuh, including in
products that users won't mind wearing.
A remotely controlled compression vest
WTL developed, for example, "can create
compression dynamically and strategically
when and where you want, and nobody else
will know that this is happening."
Knitted structures can be used to create
two-dimensional motion (both expansion
and contraction) to customize a wearable
compression device with actuators that
can be activated individually or in varying
groups. Furthermore, it's possible to amplify
the haptic experience if the actuators are put
in a braided structure, he says.

COLLABORATIVE WORK
Regardless of the nature of the project, or the
type of technology employed, Holschuh says
developing wearable solutions needs to have a
collaborative approach, particularly to engage
apparel designers who understand how to
make products truly "wearable."
"Right now we have 12 grad students;
half are apparel designers and the other half
are engineers. You can't propose to make a
wearable system if you don't get the skills that
are centuries old in apparel design."
Holschuh says that when he worked in the
aerospace department at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), "I couldn't
find anybody with apparel expertise at the
time. Then you end up with engineers who can
barely work sewing machines. It doesn't begin
to incorporate what clothing designers know."
He says he feels fortunate to have landed
at UMN where they have people with this
expertise. "There's extreme potential for
these problems to be solved if you bring these
communities together. Now I live in a world
where you have this blending of backgrounds."
He says that clothing is a system, too,
and can be approached just as an engineer
would. "Functionality comes first for most,
but wearability is a function."
WORK ELSEWHERE
Holschuh notes several other institutions
doing interesting work with integrated active
materials. The University of Texas at Dallas
(UT-Dallas) has used ordinary materials
such as nylon fishing line to create "artificial
muscles." That work was published in Science
in 2014, and the work is ongoing.
MIT has used nylon fibers made to flex like
muscles and, in a partnership between Purdue
and Yale Universities funded by NASA, has
developed SMA robotic fabric that's wrapped
over soft structures to create two- or threedimensional structures. Holschuh's colleagues
at UMN, Julianna Abel and others, are
developing active knit actuation, and Harvard
Biodesign Lab is also working on mechanical
actuation and soft robotics.
With a range of markets that could use
these types of technologies, it's understandable
that many researchers are working on them.
Possible uses include a new approach to
tourniquets that may result in a "skin suit"



Specialty Fabrics Review August 2019

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