JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 13

An expanded role for pultruded composites in 5G cities

ongoing "zero carbon" strategies
is already exacerbating this problem. Novel materials offering
improved 5G in-building signal
penetration to traditional construction materials will therefore
become more applicable.
Composite materials offer many
properties that make them attractive construction materials for future cities, including
high strength and stiffness, low
weight, corrosion resistance,
low maintenance requirements,
thermal stability and design
freedom. The need to ensure reliable 5G coverage in buildings
and outside brings additional
motivation for the integration of
RF-transparent pultruded composites into urban design.
Pultrusion as a solution
Pultrusion offers the designer
major freedom regarding the geometry, properties and design of
the finished profile. Both solid
and hollow profiles can be manufactured in simple and complex
cross-sectional shapes, including
tubes, rods, I-beams, T-, U- and
Z-profiles. An immense variety
of profile shapes is possible.
Since pultrusion allows for extremely high fibre loading and
accurately controlled resin content, pultruded parts have excellent structural properties and are
produced at a consistently high
quality. A range of reinforcing
fibres (and formats) can be used,
including glass and carbon fibre,
with a variety of thermoset-matrix resins such as polyester,
epoxy and vinyl ester, as well as
thermoplastics.
Almost any profile cross-section
can be manufactured within the
following parameters:
-- maximum length: 12 m (determined by transportation limits);
-- maximum width: 1350 mm/900
mm (depending on the flammabil-

Material

Specific weight
(g/m3)

Tensile strength
(MPa)

Elastic modulus
(GPa)

Thermal expansion Thermal conductivity
coefficient (k-1)
(W/mK)

Wood

0.7

80

12

14 x 10-6

0.1

Pultruded glass
fibre composite*

1.8

240 (axial)
50 (transverse)

23 (axial)
7 (transverse)

11 x 10-6

0.3

Aluminium

2.7

250

70

23 x 10-6

170

Steel

7.8

400

210

12 x 10-6

40

* According to EN 13 706

ity rating);
-- wall thickness: from 1.5 mm to a
maximum of 60 mm, and typically
3-3.5 mm;
-- undercuts and different wall thicknesses are possible;
-- radii between 0.5 mm and 2 mm
are required.
A number of standards have
been developed covering the design, fabrication and installation
of pultruded profiles. These include the Pre-Standard for Load
& Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD) of Pultruded Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Structures developed by the American Composites Manufacturers
Association (ACMA) and the
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and European
Standard EN 13 706, which specifies minimum requirements for
the quality, tolerances, strength,
stiffness and surface of structural profiles. Other codes currently in use are the Eurocomp
Design Guide and the CUR96 in
the Netherlands. Work towards
new European technical specifications for the design and verification of composite structures
used in buildings, bridges and
construction works is currently being conducted by Working
Group WG4 "Fibre Reinforced
Polymers" under the European
Committee for Standardization
(CEN) Technical Committee
250 (CEN/TC250).
The composite advantage
Pultruded glass-fibre compos-

ites offer a combination of properties not available with the
traditional building materials of
steel, aluminium and wood.
Low weight: Pultruded profiles
are 80% lighter than steel and
approximately 30% the weight
of aluminium. They are therefore easily transported, handled
and installed, resulting in lower costs. Complete structures
can often be pre-assembled and
shipped to the job site ready for
fast installation.
High strength: Glass-fibre composites have excellent mechanical properties, delivering higher
strength than steel and aluminium on a kg-for-kg basis. Composites are anisotropic materials,
and pultruded profiles deliver
their highest strength values in
the lengthwise (axial) direction.
Considerable design freedom
can be gained by the capability
of adding extra strength in highly stressed areas.
Parts consolidation: With composite materials, a designer is
able to integrate various separate
parts and functions into one profile and can create complicated
shapes that are not possible with
other materials. Single composite parts can replace complex
assemblies of multiple parts that
are produced with traditional
materials such as wood, steel or
aluminium.
Corrosion resistance: Glass-fibre composite is stable, inert
and impervious to moisture and

SPECIAL ISSUE Smart Cities / November 2019 /

jec composites magazine

13



JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019

Cover
Edito
Moving composites forward
Contents
PROCESSING
Structural power composites - En route to “massless energy” with structural power composites
Pultrusion - An expanded role for pultrudedcomposites in 5G cities
Additive manufacturing - 3D printing and new materials are
TRENDS
India - Constructing highly populated smart cities in lndia
Germany - Global smart cities will raise a market beyond $ 2 trillion by 2025
Italy - The new frontiers of composite materials
Urbanization - Street smarts: how composite materials are driving the smart city movement
Standardization - A structural Eurocode for FRP structures
Talk from the top - Owens Corning’s vision of composites in construction
APPLICATION
Transportation - “We always start with a blank sheet of paper”
Urban structure - Solar Tree: making the city more attractive
Construction - An innovative system to buildthe city of today and tomorrow
Construction - From floor to roof, inside and outside, composite solutions shape the city
Interior design - lshikawa Jyushi explores new design possibilities
Smart growth - Composites in smart cities
index
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Edito
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Moving composites forward
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 5
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 6
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Contents
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Structural power composites - En route to “massless energy” with structural power composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 10
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Pultrusion - An expanded role for pultrudedcomposites in 5G cities
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 12
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 13
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 14
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 16
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Additive manufacturing - 3D printing and new materials are
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 18
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 19
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - India - Constructing highly populated smart cities in lndia
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 21
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 22
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 23
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 24
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Germany - Global smart cities will raise a market beyond $ 2 trillion by 2025
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 26
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 28
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 29
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Italy - The new frontiers of composite materials
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 31
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 32
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 34
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 35
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Urbanization - Street smarts: how composite materials are driving the smart city movement
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 37
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Standardization - A structural Eurocode for FRP structures
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 39
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 41
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Talk from the top - Owens Corning’s vision of composites in construction
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 43
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Transportation - “We always start with a blank sheet of paper”
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Urban structure - Solar Tree: making the city more attractive
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 47
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 48
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Construction - An innovative system to buildthe city of today and tomorrow
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 50
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 51
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 52
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 54
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 55
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 56
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Construction - From floor to roof, inside and outside, composite solutions shape the city
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 58
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 59
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 61
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Interior design - lshikawa Jyushi explores new design possibilities
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 63
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - Smart growth - Composites in smart cities
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 65
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - index
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 67
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Special Issue Smart Cities - November 2019 - 68
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