JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 60

TECHNOLOGY graphitization

Fig. 4: Comparison of graphite layers before and after heat treatment.
(Mondal, Kunal & Pawar, Gorakh & Mcmurtrey, M. & IITK, Ashutosh 2020)
Fig. 2: Supramolecule layers that make up graphite

Fig. 3: Graphitization process and the semblance of order within the basic structural
units (BSU) as the temperature increases. (Poco Graphite, 2015)

graphene molecules that are contained within the carbon material.
During heat treatment, the BSU will begin to grow while all differences
in orientation within the layers are removed. The graphite is heated up
to 3000°C in an inert atmosphere and as the temperature ramps up, the
graphite eventually forms large straight layers, as Figures 3 and 4 show.
Graphitization causes composites with surface-treated fibres to increase
in flexural strength. (Chung, 2017) This allows materials to be augmented through impregnation, infiltration with resin or metal, or simply used
to help:
-	 Increase strength
-	 Increase electrical conductivity
-	 Increase thermal conductivity
-	 Reduce porosity
-	 Render a body impervious and therefore capable of forming a seal,
and/or enhance functionality
-	 Improve application performance
(St. Marys Carbon, 2020)
As you can see, these are all desirable material properties for many applications and the reason why graphitization is increasing in importance
within the high temperature material processing industry.

60

Graphitization Furnaces
MRF offers several furnaces for graphitization, from lab scale units to
large production furnaces. Our graphitization furnaces come in top, bottom, or front-loading configurations and offer a maximum temperature
of 3000°C. All furnace models are customizable to suit your application
needs. Here is a sample of the furnaces we offer for graphitization.
The features of our top-loading high temperature furnace include:
-	 Maximum operating temperature: 3000°C in inert gas.
-	 Hot zone size 20in. diameter x 20in. high (508mm dia. x 508mm
high), other sizes available.
-	 Graphite heating element with fibrous graphite insulation
-	 Optional Retort for process isolation and improved thermal uniformity
-	 Pressure range: Vacuum to 2 psig
-	 Vacuum chamber is double-walled, water-cooled; 304L stainless
steel
-	 Pneumatically-operated chamber lid swings clear of hot zone
-	 Graphite hearth plate with graphite pins for load support
-	 Customizable vacuum and gas system
-	 Three phase power supply, SCR controlled, voltage rated for country of destination
-	 Controlled with PLC and touch screen HMI or classic instrumentation.

More information:
https://mrf-furnaces.com/

Reference
Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Chemistry. Retrieved August
19, 2020, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/carbon/
Chung, D. D. (2017). Carbon Composites (Second Edition)
Composites with Carbon Fibers, Nanofibers and Nanotubes.
Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1016/
B978-0-12-804459-9.00012-9

	 jec composites magazine / N°138 January - February 2021


https://www.mrf-furnaces.com/ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/carbon/ https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804459-9.00012-9

JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021

Cover
Edito
“Composite materials are ideally suited to produce such complex shaped parts”
Contents
NEWS
In brief
Governance
Agenda
BUSINESS
Startup - A standardised method to join metal and fibre-reinforced plastics
Strategy - Taking your innovation to market: commercialising new products in the composites sector
Market - Overview of the glass fibre-reinforcemed plastics market in Europe
MANUFACTURING
Natural fibres - Optimizing the machining of biocomposites
Lightweighting - Honeycomb cores for the automotive industry
Automation - Improving productivity and efficiency with automated kitting system
FEATURE MARINE - Always better?
Fabric - Beneteau optimizes the infusion process
Bonding - Design-for-disassembly of bonded composite foils
Additive manufacturing - A 3D-printed boat made with a continuous-fibreglass thermoset material
Environment - lnteresting approach to making global shipping more sustainable
E-boat - Yachting makes the move to hydrogen
Trends - Sports and composites: the magic of water sports
Filament winding - Composite lashing bar
Sustainability - RAMSSES: lightweighting ships for a cleaner environment
SOLUTIONS
Aerospace - Egyptian consortium develops first textile palm fibres and reinforcements
Renewable energy - Powering the future
Transportation - Infusing efficiency in the Indian raod fleet with composites
TECHNOLOGY
Graphitization - Heat treatment and change of material properties
Inside the lab - ICC: an open-research innovation platform for composites
Carbon - Developing carbon fibre wheels for peak performance
Index
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Edito
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - “Composite materials are ideally suited to produce such complex shaped parts”
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 5
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Contents
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 7
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - In brief
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Governance
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Startup - A standardised method to join metal and fibre-reinforced plastics
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Agenda
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 13
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Strategy - Taking your innovation to market: commercialising new products in the composites sector
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Market - Overview of the glass fibre-reinforcemed plastics market in Europe
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 17
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 18
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 19
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Natural fibres - Optimizing the machining of biocomposites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 21
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Lightweighting - Honeycomb cores for the automotive industry
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 23
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Automation - Improving productivity and efficiency with automated kitting system
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 25
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 26
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Fabric - Beneteau optimizes the infusion process
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 29
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Bonding - Design-for-disassembly of bonded composite foils
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 31
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Additive manufacturing - A 3D-printed boat made with a continuous-fibreglass thermoset material
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 34
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 35
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Environment - lnteresting approach to making global shipping more sustainable
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 37
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 38
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - E-boat - Yachting makes the move to hydrogen
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 41
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Trends - Sports and composites: the magic of water sports
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 43
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 44
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Filament winding - Composite lashing bar
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 47
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Sustainability - RAMSSES: lightweighting ships for a cleaner environment
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 49
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 50
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 51
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Aerospace - Egyptian consortium develops first textile palm fibres and reinforcements
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Renewable energy - Powering the future
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 55
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Transportation - Infusing efficiency in the Indian raod fleet with composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 57
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 58
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Graphitization - Heat treatment and change of material properties
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 61
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Inside the lab - ICC: an open-research innovation platform for composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 63
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Carbon - Developing carbon fibre wheels for peak performance
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 65
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - Advertisers
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 67
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #138 - January/February 2021 - 68
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