April 2016 - Parks & Recreation - 37

feasible and (2) the exotic species creates a hazard to public safety. "
Since the manual did not specify
how exotic species were to be managed, the appeals court found " no
particular, mandatory course of action for managing an exotic animal
that is threatening public safety. "
Similarly, the court found Olympic's
park-specific " Nuisance and Hazardous Management Animal Plan "
did not specify " a particular management technique when confronted
with a dangerous exotic species. " On
the contrary, the plan outlined various " management objectives " and
" management alternatives. "
Chadd, however, claimed a mandatory directive had been issued
when the park superintendent had

testified that the National Park Service " moves to the next level of
management techniques or series of
levels if the problem isn't going away
or doesn't seem to be resolved. " The
federal appeals court disagreed. As
characterized by the court, the superintendent's statement " does not indicate that there is a general policy or
directive requiring such action or prescribing the timing of it. " (Emphasis
of court.) On the contrary, the court
found " nothing in the plan mandates
an escalation of management techniques. " Similarly, the court found
Olympic's " Mountain Goat Action
Plan " did not mandate a particular
course of action.
Olympic's Mountain Goat Action
Plan lists three forms of hazing as

appropriate incident management
techniques, but it does not specify
how or when they should be deployed. The Mountain Goat Action
Plan does not even mention animal
destruction, in contrast with the
Cougar Action Plan. There was,
therefore, no extant statute, regulation or policy directive that required
park officials to destroy the goat prior
to Boardman's death.
Negligence Irrelevant
While acknowledging that there was
no " mandatory directive prescribing a
specific course of conduct, " Chadd argued that " reasonable care " required
park officials to " shoot the goat. "
As noted by the court, " reasonable
care " is only required when there is

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Parks & Recreation

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April 2016 - Parks & Recreation

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of April 2016 - Parks & Recreation

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