April 2018 - Parks & Recreation - 26

L AW R E V I E W

Country Mill, as it had in the past.
The City further directed the Committee to forward Country Mill's
application to it. The City denied
the vendor application, an adverse
action. The causal relationship can
be inferred based on these circumstances. The denial of the vendor
application excludes Country Mill
from the ELFM, and thus cuts off
an income stream.

cise of religion means, first and foremost, the right to believe and profess
whatever religious doctrine one desires. " Moreover, the court noted the
Free Exercise Clause " protects not only
the right to hold a particular religious
belief, but also the right to engage in
conduct motivated by that belief " :
The Free Exercise Clause protects
religious observers against unequal
treatment and subjects to the strictest

Under the circumstances of this case, the federal district
court found plaintiff Tennes and his family had alleged
sufficient facts to state a plausible claim for a violation of
their rights under the Free Exercise Clause.
In the opinion of the federal district
court, these adverse actions on the part
of the city " would deter a person of ordinary firmness from otherwise engaging in constitutionally protected discussion of religious beliefs. "
First Amendment Religious Freedom
In his complaint, plaintiff Tennes and
his family business had further alleged
" the Ordinance, and the incorporation
of it through the Vendor Guidelines,
imposes restrictions on the free exercise of their religion. " In particular,
Tennes claimed he had " a sincerely
held religious belief that marriage is a
sacramental union of one man and one
woman. " Moreover, in order to practice
his religion, Tennes claimed he had to
operate his business in accordance with
his religious beliefs.
As noted by the federal district court,
" the Free Exercise Clause of the First
Amendment to the United States Constitution applies to the States through
the Fourteenth Amendment. " As characterized by the court, " the free exer24

Parks & Recreation

scrutiny laws that target the religious
for special disabilities based on their
religious status...The Free Exercise
Clause is implicated if the law at issue discriminates against some or all
religious beliefs or regulates or prohibits conduct because it is undertaken
for religious reasons.
That being said, the federal district
court acknowledged that " public authorities may enforce neutral and generally applicable rules and may do so
even if they burden faith-based conduct
in the process. " On the other hand, even
if a law appears to be neutral and generally applicable, the court would invalidate a law where the objective is to
" infringe or restrict practices because of
their religious motivation " or " worse is
a veiled cover for targeting belief or a
faith-based practice. "
Religiously Motivated Conduct
Under the circumstances of this case, the
federal district court found plaintiff Tennes
and his family had alleged sufficient facts
to state a plausible claim for a violation of

| A P R I L 2 0 1 8 | W W W. PA R K S A N D R E C R E AT I O N . O R G

their rights under the Free Exercise Clause.
The court found Tennes had alleged sufficient facts to suggest " the City enacted a
generally applicable and neutral policy,
which was then used to target Plaintiffs'
religiously-motivated conduct " :
The Ordinance did not apply to
Plaintiffs in 2016. After the City
learned that Plaintiffs would not hold
same-sex weddings on their farms because of Plaintiffs' religious beliefs,
the City amended the Vendor Guidelines to incorporate the neutral and
generally applicable law and applied
it to Plaintiffs.
Accordingly, in the opinion of the
federal district court, the complaint was
sufficient to support a claim that the
city's action was a " veiled cover for targeting belief or a faith-based practice. "
The federal district court found sufficient alleged facts in the complaint " to
infer that the predominant purpose of
the changes to the Vendor Guidelines
was motivated by the disapproval of
Plaintiffs' religious beliefs " :
For this claim and this motion, the
Court considers only the complaint.
As pled, an objective observer could
plausibly view the context of events
and consider any secular purpose of
the changes to the Vendor Guidelines
a sham. For the same reason, an objective observer could plausibly perceive the actual effect of those changes
as discouraging the religious belief
that marriage should only be between
one man and one woman.
To overcome the city's motion to dismiss, the federal district court found
the complaint was indeed adequate to
support a claim that the city had denied
Tennes' application based on his " religiously-motivated choices. "
Doctrine of Unconstitutional
Conditions
As noted by the federal district court,



April 2018 - Parks & Recreation

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