January 2011 - Parks & Recreation - 43

LAW REVIEW continued from page 38

According to public health authorities'
publications available to Defendants in
2004, HIV cannot survive outside the
body, and, hence, cannot survive in a
swimming pool or on a toilet seat. Moreover, it is highly unlikely that HIV will be
transmitted through contact sports.

As a result, in light of this widespread,
established medical opinion and the absence of objective medical evidence to
the contrary, the court concluded that no
reasonable jury could find that the Camp
had acted reasonably under the circumstances of this case. In reaching this
conclusion, the court found " [t]he mere
existence of possible avenues of transmission, presented without a documented showing, does not create a genuine
issue of material fact as to direct threat. "
In making a direct threat determination, the court acknowledged that a public
accommodation may " consult with individual physicians as objective third-party
experts. " In this instance, the Camp maintained that Dr. Levy's advice " constituted
'objective' evidence on which they could

rely. " The court, however, found that the
Camp still had a legal duty " to support
the reasonableness of that advice with
objective medical evidence, " particularly where the Camp's characterization of
Levy's opinion " does not provide a basis
for contradicting the widespread, established medical opinion applicable here.
While obtaining a physician's detailed
assessment and then acting in accordance with it can be persuasive
evidence that a public accommodation has based its decision on an
individualized inquiry, such a public
accommodation cannot slavishly defer
to a physician's opinion without first
pausing to assess the objective reasonableness of the physician's
conclusions.

Moreover, " in assessing the objective reasonableness " of the Camp's actions, the federal district court refused
to " defer to an individual doctor's opinion that is neither based on the individualized inquiry mandated by the ADA
nor supported by objective scientific

and medical evidence. " While the court
agreed that the Camp was " obligated to
protect other campers from a very serious, life-threatening viral infection, " in
the opinion of the court, this obligation
did not relieve the Camp of its legal duty
" to base a threat determination on objective medical evidence, " as opposed
to " unsubstantiated fears. "

Conclusion
Having found that Adam's disability was a
substantial factor in the Camp's denial of
Adam's admission and the Camp had not
presented any " evidence of the objective
reasonableness of their direct threat determination, " the federal district held that
the Camp had violated the ADA.

James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D. is an
associate professor in the School of
Recreation, Health, and Tourism at
George Mason University in Manassas,
Virginia. E Mail: jkozlows@gmu.edu
Webpage: http://mason.gmu.
edu/~jkozlows

Presented by the
American Academy of Park and
Recreation Management

In partnership with the
National Recreation and Park Association

Proudly sponsored by
Musco Lighting

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www.NRPA.org/goldmedal * 800.626.NRPA (6772)

	

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JANUARY 2011

Parks & Recreation	

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