July 2014 - Parks & Recreation - 26

L AW R E V I E W

Leash-Law Violator Tased and Confused
By James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D.

T

he Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the
government from engaging in any unreasonable searches or seizures
of one's person or property. Accordingly, consistent with the Fourth
Amendment, any stop and detention by a police officer or park ranger with
arrest authority must be based on probable cause. Probable cause exists when
there is a reasonable basis and suspicion for the officer to believe that a crime
has been committed. The duration of any stop and detention, however, must
be reasonable, i.e., limited to the time necessary to determine whether or not a
crime has been committed and either free or arrest the suspect.
Assuming the existence of probable cause for the initial stop, as illustrated by the Hesterberg opinion described herein, it would generally be
reasonable for a police officer or park
ranger to detain a suspect during the
time necessary to obtain identifying
information and perhaps conduct a
database search for any outstanding
arrest warrant. During such a period
of reasonable detention, the suspect
would not be free to go. Should the

24

Parks & Recreation

suspect resist or attempt to flee, consistent with the Fourth Amendment,
the officer would be authorized to
use reasonable force to subdue and
detain the suspect.
Jolted Jogger
In the case of Hesterberg v. United States
of America, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
54336 (N. Dist. Calif. 4/18/2014),
an encounter between a park ranger
and a jogger ultimately led to feder-

| J U LY 2 0 1 4 | W W W. N R PA . O R G

al district court. In January 2012, a
confrontation arose when a National Park Service (NPS) ranger tried to
detain and question a jogger about
running his dog off leash. The NPS
had recently enacted a rule requiring
dogs to be on leash while in Rancho
Corral de Tierra, an open space area
in San Mateo County, California
(www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAS
1TiHSEps). One month earlier, this
space had been incorporated into the
Golden Gate National Recreation
Area (GGNRA), which is managed
by the NPS.
Plaintiff Gary Hesterberg, then
50 years old, was jogging in Rancho Corral de Tierra with his two
small dogs, a leashed beagle and an
unleashed rat terrier, when he encountered NPS Park Ranger Sarah
Cavallaro. Cavallaro was wearing



July 2014 - Parks & Recreation

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