July 2014 - Parks & Recreation - 32

C O N S E R VAT I O N

What's Killing Our Birds and Bees?
By Richard J. Dolesh

A

n emerging conservation threat is having a profoundly negative effect on the nation's most important pollinators, and by extension, the
birds, amphibians and other wildlife that live in their habitat areas.
This threat comes from the expanding use of the most widely used insecticides,
the neonicotinoids.
Despite the growing body of evidence confirming their toxicity to beneficial
bees and birds that are found in agricultural habitat areas, this group of pesticides has rocketed to the top of the list for sales not just in the United States, but
globally as well. The neonicotinoid insecticides now account for more than one
quarter of the entire global market, and the prevalence of their use is growing.
" Neo-nics, " as they are sometimes
called, have been around a relatively
short time - only since the 1990s.
However, they were the first new major class of insecticides developed in
the past 50 years, and they replaced
classes of insecticides such as the organophosphates and carbamates that
were known to have serious human
and environmental health impacts
and which were implicated in the

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Parks & Recreation

killing of songbirds, the decline of
eagles, osprey and hawks, and the
prevalence of several neurological
disorders in humans.
Nicotine has long been known as
a substance possessing insecticidal
properties, and it has also been shown
to have less toxicity to mammals than
it does to insects. However, early formulations of insecticides containing
nicotine compounds, or nicotinoids,

| J U LY 2 0 1 4 | W W W. N R PA . O R G

were unsuccessful for a variety of reasons. It was not until breakthroughs
in the 1980s that new formulations
known as the neonicotinoids were
developed and then widely produced
and marketed. They now account for
fully 80 percent of all seed treatments
as well as more than 25 percent of all
other insecticides.
A Cause for Concern
Despite the popularity and effectiveness of neonicotinoid insecticides,
there are serious questions regarding
their impacts, particularly their longterm persistence in the environment,
their impact on aquatic systems in
which effects are magnified by surface runoff, and " their cumulative
and largely irreversible mode of action in invertebrates, " as noted in a
2013 report by the American Bird



July 2014 - Parks & Recreation

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