March 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 27

reasonably be conceived to be true by the
governmental decisionmaker.
Applying this principle, the court
found " Gallagher's contention that
the City's health-based justification
fails rational-basis review does not
overcome the Ordinance's strong presumption of validity. "
The Board relied on a number of
studies in enacting the Ordinance, including a report of the U.S. Surgeon
General indicating " there is no riskfree level of exposure to secondhand
smoke. " Although the Board could
have engaged in " rational speculation
unsupported by evidence or empirical
data " that outdoor secondhand smoke
exposure harms health, the Board went
further and relied on reports that could
reasonably be conceived to be true.
We need not determine whether outdoor secondhand smoke exposure actually causes harm. Because the City reasonably could believe this to be true, the
Ordinance survives rational-basis review.
Under rational-basis review, the federal appeals court found further that
the City was not required to " articulate
its reasons for enacting the Ordinance. "
Moreover, " [e]ven if the City's asserted
rationales were to fail rational-basis review, " the court noted that " Gallagher
still would have the burden to negative
every conceivable basis which might
support the Ordinance. "

clist Claims First Amendment Right
To Ride Through County Park "
(http://classweb.gmu.edu/jkozlows/lawarts/08AUG95.pdf)
and
" Equestrians Allege Park Horseback
Riding Regulation Unconstitutional "
(http://classweb.gmu.edu/jkozlows/lawarts/03MAR93.pdf).

James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D., is an
attorney and associate professor in
the School of Recreation, Health, and
Tourism at George Mason University.
Email: jkozlows@gmu.edu. Webpage
with link to Law Review articles
archive (1982 to present): http://
mason.gmu.edu/~jkozlows.

Conclusion
Having found " the City's health-based
justification is sufficient, " the federal
appeals court concluded " Gallagher's
claim that the law fails rational-basis
review was properly dismissed by the
district court. " The federal appeals
court, therefore, affirmed the judgment of the district court dismissing
Gallagher's lawsuit against the City.
For similar examples of unsuccessful constitutional challenges to
regulations prohibiting certain activities in public parks, see: " Motorcy-

WWW.NRPA.ORG | MARCH 2013 |

Parks & Recreation

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March 2013 - Parks & Recreation

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of March 2013 - Parks & Recreation

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