May 2016 - Parks & Recreation - 60

Z I K A A N D PA R K S

as the cause of microcephaly in infants and Gullian-Barré Syndrome in
adults, two especially damaging neurological conditions.
Zika was first discovered in 1947 in
Africa near the Zika forest in Uganda, thus its name. While known medically since 1948, it wasn't until 2007
that a widespread infection of up to
80 percent of the human population
of the Island of Yap in Micronesia
was discovered. However, even then,
the disease still did not prompt a high
level of concern because the effects
on most people were mild - a slight
rash, itching, fever, muscle aches
and other symptoms - and where it
breaks out, many people didn't even
know they contracted Zika virus.
However, early in 2015, the disease
began to explosively spread through
the Americas beginning in Brazil.
What was once seen as an ailment
without serious impacts suddenly became a major public health issue. In
Brazil alone, more than 4,000 cases

of microcephaly, a birth defect causing an abnormally small head and
incomplete brain development, were
reported in 2015. In addition, a number of instances of Gullian-Barré, a
condition in which the body's immune system attacks part of the peripheral nerve system, were reported
in adults. Recent scientific research
is now linking Zika to other possible
neurological damage, and the level
of public health concern has grown
even higher with the recent determination by WHO and the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) that Zika is a causal factor in
these conditions.
How Is It Transmitted?
There are more than 3,000 species of
mosquitoes world-wide, and about
173 mosquito species have been found
in the United States. Only two mosquito species in the United States are
considered to be potential carriers of
the Zika virus. These are the Aedes

Drain-and-cover is a good strategy for parks to adopt to prevent Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from breeding in vessles like bird baths, watering cans or flower pots.

58	 Parks & Recreation

| M AY 2 0 1 6 | W W W. PA R K S A N D R E C R E AT I O N . O R G

aegypti mosquito, which is sometimes
called the Yellow Fever mosquito and
more recently the " urban mosquito, "
and Aedes albopictus, which is commonly called the Asian tiger mosquito. Because of its habits and its closer
association with humans, Aedes aegypti
is considered to be the primary vector
species for Zika in the United States.
Aedes aegypti has been around a
long time in the United States, in fact,
some attribute an outbreak of Yellow
Fever in 1793 in Philadelphia to this
mosquito species. The species is common in Florida, parts of the Southeast
and along the Gulf Coast states. Although it is considered a tropical and
sub-tropical mosquito, it has moved
rapidly northward into temperate climates. A breeding population of A. aegypti has been verified in Washington,
D.C. Some researchers believe that
the range of this species is expanding
northward because of climate change
conditions. A. albopictus, the Asian
tiger mosquito, only appeared in the
United States in 1980, but since then,
it has a much broader range northward in the country.
The Zika virus is generally transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito. If transmitted by a mosquito, it
will only be through the saliva of the
female mosquito when she re-bites a
human to obtain blood, which contains needed proteins to form eggs.
New evidence is emerging that Zika
may also be transmitted by sexual
contact. Much is still unknown, but
the recent declaration by the WHO,
now confirmed by CDC, that the
Zika virus causes microcephaly in
infants and Gullian-Barré in adults,
makes concerns much more serious.
Dr. Thomas Friedan, head of CDC,
said, " There is no longer any doubt
that Zika causes microcephaly. "
The greatest threat has been to
women of child-bearing age who are
pregnant or who are planning to be-



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