October 2016 - Parks & Recreation - 79

P

arks are the infrastructure of our communities. The locus for daily walks and
memorable civic events, parks represent the identity of place. Very few buildings achieve the iconic status of most parks. Ask anyone to meet in front of
a notable structure and it will likely require an address. Choose a park as the
meeting place and the question moves to specifics - By the fountain? At the entrance?
In the United States, parks have been
understood as essential to community
health for the past 200 years, including
Asa Grey's garden cemetery movement,
Frederick Law Olmsted's Boston Fens
and his " lungs of the city " metaphor associated with the design of Central Park
in New York. These parks set a standard
for improving ecological health through
the plant and water systems of the park,

	

and community health through clean air
and access to nature. While designers
anecdotally and through their own personal experience felt natural settings provided individual health benefits, a body
of data supporting these theories had yet
to exist.
In the second half of the 20th century, as epidemiologists and public health
researchers began to study the growing

impact of chronic disease, the built environment emerged more clearly as a
significant factor. Seminal studies had
already documented the link between
longevity and social interaction, finding
that across time and culture, people with
higher levels of social interaction lived
longer than those with fewer social contacts. Meanwhile, the post-WWII generation had moved from walkable cities
and town centers to car-centric suburbs
in a new settlement pattern of sprawl,
which removed social interaction and
physical activity from the daily routine.
By the 21st century, researchers studying
the increasing rates of deleterious health

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October 2016 - Parks & Recreation

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