September 2013 - Parks & Recreation - 27

John Kwasnik

L AW R E V I E W

Park Hours Prohibited Overnight Occupation
By James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D.

F

irst Amendment rights of free speech and assembly are subject to reasonable time, place and manner restrictions by government. Such regulations must also be content neutral. In other words, governmental
regulation of free speech and assembly must treat all speakers equally without
reference to the nature of the ideas or opinions being communicated. Moreover, the regulations must be " narrowly tailored, " i.e., a close relationship must
exist between the governmental restriction and the significant governmental
interest to be achieved.
Further, governmental restrictions on free speech and assembly
must not leave a licensing official
with too much discretion to decide
which speakers and messages have
access to a traditional public forum
to express their views. Public parks
and streets are considered the quintessential public forums in which all
individuals and groups should be
able to express their views, subject to
reasonable time, place and manner
governmental regulations.

Normal Park Hours
It is commonplace for public parks
to be " Closed at Dark " or " Closed
at Midnight. " Would such existing
commonplace governmental regulation of public access to a public
park be considered content-neutral
and a reasonable time, place and
manner restriction under the First
Amendment? That was the issue
before the federal district court in
the case of Occupy Sacramento v. City
of Sacramento, 878 F. Supp. 2d 1110;

2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95517 (E.D.
Calif. 7/10/2012).
In the first week of October 2011, a
group of individuals aligned with the
" Occupy Wall Street " movement assembled in Sacramento's Cesar Chavez
Park with the purpose of engaging in
political expression. Occupy Sacramento planned to maintain a continuous 24-hour-a-day presence in Chavez
Park for an indefinite period of time in
order to " communicate their message
to people in the local area, as well as
to communicate with other 'Occupy'
groups across the country and around
the world. " Cesar Chavez Plaza Park is
a community park, approximately 2.5
acres in size, in downtown Sacramento located across the street from City
Hall. Historically, Chavez Park has
been a site for peaceable assemblies
and free speech.

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September 2013 - Parks & Recreation

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