Sky & Telescope - June 2020 - 40

Space Exploration

q RED PLANET TEST China's Mars spacecraft enters its space environment testing in this image released in October 2019.

Mercury

Sun

Venus
Earth

469219 Kamo'oalewa

Mars

p TARGET ASTEROID China's planned Zheng He spacecraft will visit
the asteroid 469219 Kamo'oalewa, which crosses Earth's orbit. After it
delivers its samples to Earth, it will continue outward via Mars to fly by
Comet 133P/Elst-Pizarro in the main belt.

But other planned projects will continue forays into offEarth astronomy. Three of these will focus on high-energy
phenomena:
The Space-based Multi-band Astronomical Variable
Objects Monitor, produced in collaboration with the French
Space Agency, is a gamma-ray, X-ray, and visible-light observatory. Following launch in 2021, it will study the intensely
powerful gamma-ray bursts thought to come from the death
of certain kinds of stars.
Meanwhile, the 1,400-kilogram Einstein Probe should
launch by the end of 2022 to look for short-lived, highenergy sources. These include gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, magnetars, and the electromagnetic counterparts of
gravitational-wave events. With a large ﬁeld of view, it will
also monitor variable objects across the sky, such as accreting
supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, and carry
out an all-sky survey.
A third mission, the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, is also scheduled for 2022 and will study solar ﬂares and
coronal mass ejections.
If all this weren't enough, the Xuntian 2-meter space
telescope should launch in the mid-2020s. The Hubble-class
instrument is designed to co-orbit with China's planned
modular space station and dock with it for occasional maintenance and repair.
Speaking at the Global Space Exploration Conference in
Beijing in 2017, Ji Wu, then director of the National Space
Science Center that oversaw China's ﬁrst space science missions, explained how he sees the country's growing role in
space. China, he says, has made a major contribution to
the global economy. Now it will (once again) contribute to
scientiﬁc knowledge with a new decade of exploration and
discovery.

¢ ANDREW JONES is a space journalist based in Finland who
reports on China's space-related activities in particular. Follow
him on Twitter for insights into a far-reaching and expanding
space program: @AJ_FI.
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M A RS MISSION: CNSA; ORBITS: LE A H TISCIONE / S&T

team head. "This certainty gives the government the conﬁdence for organizing future explore missions."
The next science missions weren't astronomy-related. Shijian 10 was a retrievable satellite experiment, which in 2016
tested the growth of mouse embryos in the microgravity environment of low-Earth orbit. Then the Quantum Experiments
at Space Scale, launched later that same year, made waves as
the ﬁrst quantum science satellite. It used the phenomenon
of entanglement to test encrypted communications between
China and Austria.
The ﬁnal mission of the set was the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), aka Insight, which launched in June
2017. Shortly after, it joined international follow-up observations of the GW170817 neutron star merger detected by
LIGO (S&T: Feb. 2018, p. 32), setting a strict upper limit on
X-rays produced by the event. In October 2019 the HXMT
team also investigated the accretion disks around black hole
and neutron star X-ray binaries. The observations veriﬁed a
decades-old theory that structural changes in the accretion
disks come from the radiation pressure of light. Since coming into operation, HXMT has returned more than 29 TB of
scientiﬁc data.
The successful launch of these four missions helped win
approval for a new batch of space-science projects that will
begin launching in 2021. Some of these have a strong terrestrial focus, such as the Water Cycle Observation and the
Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling Exploration missions. In addition, the Solar Wind Magnetosphere
Ionosphere Link Explorer, a space-weather observatory, is a
joint endeavor with the European Space Agency.

Sky & Telescope - June 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Sky & Telescope - June 2020