Sky & Telescope - November 2020 - 37

Barnard wrote the following to the German journal
Astronomische Nachrichten:
I have for some time suspected a faint Nebula near the
following [East] end of the Great Nebula of Andromeda. Last
night being fine I verified its existence. This object, though
extremely faint, flushes out quite distinctly by averted vision. It
lies about as far from the new star [SN 1885A] as the Nebula
in the preceding end [NGC 206] does.

John Louis Dreyer, who compiled the New General Catalogue
of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars
in 1888, apparently missed
this announcement, so OB54
didn't receive an NGC number.
10′ × 10′
Through my 24-inch at 125×,
this faint patch angles southwest
p UGC 10445 Some 3°
to northeast and spans 2.5′ × 1.5′.
south-southwest of 3rdThe contrast against Andromemagnitude Zeta Herculis, this
is one of several new galaxda's halo varies with the seeing -
ies Barnard discovered while
sometimes I fi nd OB54 obvious;
comet hunting.
at other times, it's barely distinguishable.
Barnard headed west for the San Francisco Bay Area in
September 1887. He was so eager to start his work at Lick
that he arrived before observatory construction was completed - first light for the 36-inch refractor was planned for
December 31, 1887, but occurred a week later due to weather
and equipment issues. Once the observatory was up and
running, Holden assigned Barnard the Lick's 12-inch Clark
refractor (first used by Henry Draper in New York for double
star observations), a 6.5-inch refractor, and a 4-inch cometseeker. Eight long months after leaving Nashville, and suffering photon deprivation meanwhile, Barnard resumed his
nightly comet sweeps.

p LONG-LOST GLOBULAR Palomar 8 remained unknown until the
1950s, some 60 years after Barnard first spotted it while keeping busy
waiting for the comet that would bear his name to rise above the horizon.

Lick Observatory - May 9, 1888
Barnard began his first night on the 12-inch by pointing at
Castor (Alpha Geminorum) and found four faint galaxies -
IC 2193, 2194, 2196, and 2199 - only ½° south of the star.
At the time, Castor was diving towards the western horizon
and was only 22° in elevation. Why is this discovery noteworthy? Castor is one of the most widely observed double stars,
yet no earlier astronomer had noticed this galactic quartet.
Barnard sketched a rough diagram and tried to compute
precise offsets from Castor. This was a frustrating task without a filar micrometer, the device astronomers then used for
measuring angular separations. During four nights, he filled
several pages of his notebook with manual calculations for
various corrections. Despite all the effort put into the task,
Barnard didn't publish his discovery for another nine years; it
finally appeared in the December 1897 Astronomical Journal.
These IC galaxies range from 13th- to 14th-magnitude and
are visible in a 10-inch scope as
small grayish fuzzies with brighter

UGC 10445: POSS-II / STSCI / CA LTECH / PA LO M A R
OBSERVATORY; PA LO M A R 8: ROBERT PÖL ZL / CCDGUIDE.CO M;
COME T DR AWING: LICK OBSERVATORY

Barnard's Comet Discoveries and Associated Finds
September 3 and October 30, 1888 Barnard found his first two comets at Lick, C/1888 R1 and
C/1888 U1.
p FRAGMENTS Barnard
June 23, 1889 In the early hours, Barnard discovered the periodic Comet 177P/Barnard using the
witnessed and recorded
6.5-inch refractor, his fourth catch in a little more than a year at Lick. He followed it intently over the
the disintegration of Comet
next week as it moved through Andromeda, calculating the hourly motion and predicting its position
16P/Brooks.
for the following night.
August 1889 Prolific comet hunter William Robert Brooks discovered the extraordinary Comet
16P/Brooks on the morning of July 7, 1889. On August 1st, Barnard was startled to see two companions, B and C, accompanying the comet 1′ and 4.5′ from its nucleus. That same night he strapped the 6-inch Willard camera to the 12-inch refractor and
made a wide-field, three-hour exposure, revealing an astounding tapestry of Milky Way clouds and dark nebulae in Sagittarius.
Three nights later Barnard joined Burnham and spied two fainter pieces, D and E, with the 36-inch. He reported that B and C
each had a small nucleus and a short, faint tail, "presenting a perfect miniature of the larger comet." Barnard followed the entourage over the next several weeks as fragments B through E disintegrated. The break-up of 16P/Brooks followed a close passage
within the Roche limit of Jupiter in 1886 - a similar scenario to that of Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1992.
sk yandtelescope.org * NOVEMBER 2 02 0

37


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Sky & Telescope - November 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Sky & Telescope - November 2020

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Sky & Telescope - November 2020 - 1
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