Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 29
HARVARD 15-INCH REFRACTOR : G.W. PATCH / HARVARD LIBRARY ARCHIVES
/ PUBLIC DOMAIN; RING DIAGRAM: S&T DIAGRAM, BASE IMAGE: NASA / THE
HUBBLE HERITAGE TEAM (STSCI / AURA)
As the idea of solid rings fell out of favor,
the apparent translucency of the new C
ring led to a brief heyday for fluid rings, an
idea the younger Bond promoted. As if on
cue, his colleague Charles W. Tuttle confirmed
this notion with an extraordinary
observation made on October 20, 1851,
with the 15-inch Harvard telescope working
at a magnifying power of 861×. Tuttle
wrote: " The divisions were not unlike a
series of waves; the depressions corresponding
to the spaces between the rings, while
the summits represented the narrow bright
rings themselves. The rings and the spaces
between were of equal breadth. "
Though many observers have noted that
RING FINDER The Great Refractor of the Harvard
College Observatory, with its 15-inch Merz & Mahler
lens, briefly held the distinction of being the largest
telescope in the United States. William Cranch
Bond and his son George Phillips Bond discovered
Saturn's dusky C ring using the instrument.
It was the brilliant Scottish physicist
James Clerk Maxwell who showed mathematically
that neither solid nor fluid
rings could exist, and that the stability of
Saturn's rings must be because they consist
of minute particles traveling in Keplerian
orbits around the planet. Waves were banished
and, in their place, orbital resonances
involving satellites and ring particles came
into favor. The conspicuous Cassini Divithe
inner part of ring B has a dusky appearance (Dawes and
the Jesuit astronomer Angelo Secchi described a series of
" step-like concentric bands of shading " ), the impression of
waves seems to have been an embellishment - the result of
expectation bias.
sion corresponds to the strongest orbital resonance, 1:2, with
the moon Mimas. Eventually, orbital resonances explained
other, narrower ring divisions, too. Everything seemed to fit.
While Maxwell's theory accounted for minor divisions
within the rings, no one foresaw the possibility of radial markng
Spokes
A ring
C ring
B ring
Discovering these mysterious features
was a 20th-century triumph for 19thcentury
observing techniques.
Encke Gap
Cassini
Division
RING-SYSTEM ANATOMY The main rings and divisions referred to in the text are indicated in this photo. Galileo Galilei was the first to see the
rings, in 1610, while the Cassini Division and Encke Gap were both known by the end of the 19th century.
sk yand tele scope .o r g * AUGUST 2022 29
http://www.skyandtelescope.com
Sky & Telescope - August 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Sky & Telescope - August 2022
Contents
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - Cover1
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - Cover2
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 1
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - Contents
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 3
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 4
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 5
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 6
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 7
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 8
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 9
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 10
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 11
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 12
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 13
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 14
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 15
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 16
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 17
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 18
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 19
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 20
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 21
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 22
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Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 24
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 25
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Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 28
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 29
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 30
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 31
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 32
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 33
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 34
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 35
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 36
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 37
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 38
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 39
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 40
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 41
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Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 43
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Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 49
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 50
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - 51
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Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - Cover3
Sky & Telescope - August 2022 - Cover4
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