Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - 16

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maximum size its aperture will open to let in light (f/ 1.4).
The focal length is the distance from the optical center of the
lens to the film plane where an image is formed when focused at
infinity.
The aperture is the hole that controls the amount of light
passing through the lens. There are a prescribed series of aperture
sizes, each with a different numeric value. When these sets of
values are derived by using a mathematical ratio between the size
of the hole and the focal length of the lens, they are called f-stops.
When these values are calibrated by measuring the light transmitted through the lens, they are called T-stops. Each of these
values has the same function of describing the change in the
amount of light from one stop to another. Each stop change
either doubles or halves the light. B oth f- and T-stops are the
same for our purpose. These numbers have been standardized
and their full value has been rounded off to the following
numbers we see engraved on our lens. Starting at the biggest hole
and proceeding to the smallest hole, they are: 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8,
11, 16 and 22.
Every lens has a set of characteristics. Its angle of view is how
much the lens sees of both its horizontal and vertical angles. Its
depth of field is the distance between points nearest to and
farthest from the camera that look sharp. To get more depth of
field: 1. use a smaller format, 2. smaller aperture, 3. shorter focal
length, 4. move the point of focus farther from camera. For less
depth of field: 1. use a larger format, 2. bigger aperture, 3. longer
focal length, 4. move the point of focus closer to camera. The
lens' s perspective drawing shows the three-dimensional relationship of the depth between obj ects in the frame. These characteristics work together and can be altered for dramatic effect by
using lenses with different focal lengths.
The normal lens is one that creates a perspective similar to
human vision so that the depth between obj ects appears as a
human would see it. Each film size or format has a corresponding normal lens, which is said to have a focal length equal to the
diagonal of the format. In full-aperture 35mm motion-picture
photography, the normal lens' s focal length is about 32mm, and
in the 16mm format it' s about 13mm.
Lenses with a focal length of less than normal are called
either short or wide-angle lenses. Lenses with a greater-thannormal focal length are called long or telephoto lenses. When
placed side by side, the wide-angle lens sees more area at the same
distance than a normal lens. The long lens sees less area at this



Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer

Table of Contents
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - Cover1
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - Cover2
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - i
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - ii
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - iii
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - Table of Contents
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Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - Cover3
Selected Tables, Charts And Formulas for the Student Cinematographer - Cover4
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