The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1 - 17
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Table 3
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Manipulated grades
Course load
(credit hours)
Original
grade
ENGL
100
HIST
100
MATH
100
All
courses
ENGL 100 (3)
C
B
C
C
B
HIST 100 (3)
C
C
B
C
B
MATH 100 (3)
C
C
C
B
B
BIOL 100 (3)
C
C
C
C
C
PHYS 100 (3)
C
C
C
C
C
Semester GPA
2.00
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.60
Note. This example reflects a student enrolled with a 15-credit hour course load. No manipulation
of grades occurred for BIOL 100 and PHYS 100 since they were not targeted by hypothetical course-specific
intervention strategies.
After concluding the four grade manipulations for each course in each semester, alternative semester GPAs were calculated. The
standard GPA formula calculated each individual student's semester GPA: [(Grade Points) x
(Credit Hours)] / (Credit Hours). Between the
original course grades and each of the four conditions, 10,575 and 10,460 GPAs were calculated for FA16 and FA17, respectively. Once the
dataset was finalized, paired-samples t-tests examined the differences between original GPAs
and the manipulated GPAs under each condition for all residents and only FTFT residents.
RESULTS
The FA16 analysis included a total residential
population of 2,115, of which 1,140 were identified as FTFT residents (53.9%). The FA17
analysis included a total residential population of 2,092, of which 1,093 were classified as
FTFT residents (52.2%). Statistical results are
described below. Table 4 displays all average
GPAs and group differences.
Overall Residential Average GPA
Paired-samples t-tests compared the actual
FA16 GPAs for all residential students
and their GPAs after the hypothetical
intervention(s). The results revealed significant differences between actual resident
GPAs (M = 2.93, SD = 0.902) and the GPA
under each of the manipulated, coursespecific conditions: ENGL 100 (M = 2.96,
SD = 0.883), t(2114) = -19.696, p < .001;
HIST 100 (M = 2.96, SD = 0.889), t(2114) =
-17.862, p < .001; MATH 100 (M = 2.94,
SD = 0.901), t(2114) = -9.455, p < .001. A
significant difference also existed in GPA
(M = 3.01, SD = 0.868) when all grades were
manipulated for each of the three courses,
t(2114) = -28.484, p < .001.
7 0 - 6 . &
/0 t
17
The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1
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The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1 - Intro
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