The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1 - 49

.PSF
5IBO
B
1MBDF
UP
&BU
BOE
4MFFQ

residence in the fall (September to December)
and/or winter (January to April) term of their
first year. All other students were classified as
off campus.
The three outcome variables were firstyear GPA, retention to the second year, and
graduation. First-year GPA was calculated on
a four-point scale using the conversion table
shown in Table 1. For retention to the second
year, students were classified as retained if
they had registered in classes for the fall and/
or winter term of the second year. Students
were classified as having graduated if they
completed their respective program within
six years of starting the program. Due to the
year in which the study was conducted, the
graduation analysis could be completed for
the 2008 and 2009 cohorts only.

Table 1

 'JSTU:FBS
(1"
$POWFSTJPO
5BCMF
Scale

Percentage

4

90-100

A+

3.9

85-89

A

3.7

80-84

A-

3.3

77-79

B+

3

73-76

B

2.7

70-72

B-

2.3

67-69

C+

2

63-66

C

1.7

60-62

C-

1.3

57-59

D+

1

53-56

D

0.7

50-52

D-

Less than 50

E/F

0

Alpha

Analysis
Linear regression was used to model the impact
of the predictors on first-year GPA, and logistic
regression was used to model the impact of the
predictors on retention and graduation. Propensity score weighting, a statistical technique
used to control for selection biases in nonexperimental studies, was used in each model.
To account for selection differences between
treatment and comparison groups, weights
were derived from propensity scores for use in
regression analyses. Propensity score weights
were calculated to adjust for selection biases
regarding whether or not a student lived in
residence during their first year. This approach
enabled data from all individuals in the study
to be used for evaluating outcomes.
The regression models included main
effects and two interaction terms that were
added to understand if the relationship
between the outcome variables and living in
residence varied by fee status and by campus.
The entry method was simultaneous, meaning
that all variables were entered into the model
at the same time. Estimated regression coefficients, standard errors, and significance tests
were included for all model terms.
Cases with missing values were deleted
from the data set. There were 2,450 cases with
missing first-year GPAs (1.7% of all cases) and
5,915 cases with missing high school grade
averages (4.0% of all cases). The anonymized
data were compiled and analyzed using statistical analysis software SPSS and R. For bivariate
analyses, t-tests and chi-square were used to
test for statistical significance.

7 0 - 6 . & 
   
 
 /0 
  
 t 
    

49



The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1

Contents
The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1 - Intro
The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1 - Cover1
The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1 - Cover2
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The Journal of College and University Student Housing - Volume 45, No. 1 - Contents
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